另附一個計(jì)算交聯(lián)度的實(shí)例:
Since NC hydrogels show extraordinarily large reversible deformation, and the polymer chains in the swollen state at ambient temperature could be regarded as flexible polymer chains just like those in the rubbery state of solid polymer above glass transition temperature [22], the effective cross-link chain density of NC hydrogels can be evaluated by the kinetic theory for rubber elasticity, which was developed on the basis of the entropy elasticity of flexible polymer chains. From the rubber elasticity theory, the equation of state of the swollen network for tensile strains is
σ = νeRT(λ –1/λ2)
= RTρ/Mc(1 – 2 Mc/ Mn)( λ –1/λ2) (2)
where σ is the tensile stress, νe is the effective crosslink chain density, R is gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and λ = L/L0 is the draw ratio, ρ is the density of the hydrogel, Mc is the molecular weight of chain between cross-links, Mn is the average molecular weight of the primary molecular chains. The term (2Mc/Mn) is a traditional correction for chain ends not effectively tied into conventional cross-linked networks and becomes negligible when the number of chain ends is small relative to cross-linked chains.
Values of νe and Mc can be calculated at a given draw ratio by Eq. (2).
【來源】Yuanqing Xiang, Zhiqin Peng, Dajun Chen. A new polymer/clay nano-composite hydrogel with improved response rate and tensile mechanical properties. European Polymer Journal 42 (2006) 2125–2132.
[ Last edited by chinajinlei on 2009-7-24 at 00:34 ],
抽提的方法,
交聯(lián)度、支化度的表征
用途
對熱固性聚合物體系,其固化反應(yīng)進(jìn)行的程度,固化交聯(lián)后交聯(lián)點(diǎn)間的聚合物鏈段的長度(即交聯(lián)密度)等數(shù)據(jù),和材料設(shè)計(jì)中固化體系的選擇,固化條件的選擇及制備后熱固性材料的使用性能密切相關(guān)。為了獲得最佳性能的熱固性高分子材料,選擇最佳的熱固性高分子材料的加工工藝,需要表征交聯(lián)度和固化交聯(lián)的反應(yīng)程度! 〗┠旮叻肿友芯恐,“樹狀高分子”及“超支化高分子”由于其分子中端基官能團(tuán)多或其分子量大但熔體粘度小,而受到學(xué)術(shù)界的關(guān)注。這類高分子有一些特殊用處,研究這類高分子的應(yīng)用,首先將面臨這類分子支化度的表征問題。
表征方法及原理
。1)溶脹平衡法測定交聯(lián)聚合物的交聯(lián)度
交聯(lián)聚合物在溶劑中不能溶解,但能產(chǎn)生一定程度的溶脹,溶脹程度取決于聚合物的交聯(lián)度。溶劑分子進(jìn)入聚合物交聯(lián)成的三維網(wǎng)絡(luò)時,將引起三維分子網(wǎng)的伸展而使聚合物交聯(lián)體系體積膨脹;同時聚合物交聯(lián)網(wǎng)的伸展,則將產(chǎn)生交聯(lián)網(wǎng)中交聯(lián)點(diǎn)間高分子鏈構(gòu)象熵的降低,從而使交聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生彈性收縮力,這種收縮力的大小取決于交聯(lián)聚合物中兩交聯(lián)點(diǎn)間高分子鏈段的平均分子量值。當(dāng)溶劑的溶脹力和交聯(lián)鏈段的收縮力相平衡時,體系達(dá)到了溶脹平衡狀態(tài),測出這時的溶脹度Q值,即可計(jì)算出聚合物交聯(lián)點(diǎn)間的高分子鏈段的平均分子量值。顯然,值越大,表明該交聯(lián)聚合物的交聯(lián)程度越。ń宦(lián)密度越。。溶脹平衡實(shí)驗(yàn),應(yīng)在恒溫條件下進(jìn)行。
。2)動態(tài)扭振法測定熱固性樹脂的固化曲線
熱固性樹脂的交聯(lián)固化反應(yīng)歷程復(fù)雜,一般可采用化學(xué)分析,紅外光譜分析,量熱等方法監(jiān)測固化反應(yīng)程度,但當(dāng)固化反應(yīng)接近完全時,上述方法對固化反應(yīng)歷程監(jiān)測的靈敏度將大大降低。而在固化反應(yīng)最后階段,固化程度的微弱不同,將會反映在固化樹脂的力學(xué)性能方面。熱固性樹脂的交聯(lián)固化反應(yīng)歷程,是樹脂模量隨固化程度的增高而增加的過程,采用動態(tài)扭振法,(用“樹脂固化測定儀”(HLX-Ⅱ)),對正在進(jìn)行固化反應(yīng)的樹脂以一定速率不斷施以小角度扭振,測定為維持這種扭振所必須施加的扭矩的變化,隨著固化反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行,樹脂的模量變大,施加的扭矩也隨之增加,直至施加扭矩不再增加為止。因此隨測試時間的增加而得出的施加扭矩的變化圖,可以視為樹脂的固化曲線圖。
(3)紅外光譜表征支化度
在烯烴聚合物中端基CH3的紅外吸收峰和鏈段中CH2的吸收峰位置稍有不同,比較CH3和CH2吸收峰的強(qiáng)度,可半定量估算烯烴聚合物的支化度。用紅外吸收光譜測定聚合物的端基基團(tuán)的吸收峰及其強(qiáng)度,推算出高分子的支化度。
。4)裂解色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用表征支化度
根據(jù)裂解色譜-質(zhì)譜法對高分子熱分解產(chǎn)物成份的鑒定,推算高分子的支化度。
所用儀器
測溶脹用:普通玻璃儀器及恒溫槽,天平
測交聯(lián)固化反應(yīng)用:“樹脂固化測定儀”(HLX-Ⅱ)
測支化度用:紅外光譜儀(FTIR)
裂解色譜-質(zhì)譜儀(PGC-MS)
參考文獻(xiàn)
1、“高分子物理實(shí)驗(yàn)”(P.90,P.48)何平笙,楊海洋,朱平平,瞿保均編,中國科技大學(xué)出版社,2002年
2、“現(xiàn)代高分子物理學(xué)”(P.903,P.915),殷敬華、莫志深主編,科學(xué)出版社,2001年
另附一個計(jì)算交聯(lián)度的實(shí)例:
Since NC hydrogels show extraordinarily large reversible deformation, and the polymer chains in the swollen state at ambient temperature could be regarded as flexible polymer chains just like those in the rubbery state of solid polymer above glass transition temperature [22], the effective cross-link chain density of NC hydrogels can be evaluated by the kinetic theory for rubber elasticity, which was developed on the basis of the entropy elasticity of flexible polymer chains. From the rubber elasticity theory, the equation of state of the swollen network for tensile strains is
σ = νeRT(λ –1/λ2)
= RTρ/Mc(1 – 2 Mc/ Mn)( λ –1/λ2) (2)
where σ is the tensile stress, νe is the effective crosslink chain density, R is gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and λ = L/L0 is the draw ratio, ρ is the density of the hydrogel, Mc is the molecular weight of chain between cross-links, Mn is the average molecular weight of the primary molecular chains. The term (2Mc/Mn) is a traditional correction for chain ends not effectively tied into conventional cross-linked networks and becomes negligible when the number of chain ends is small relative to cross-linked chains.
Values of νe and Mc can be calculated at a given draw ratio by Eq. (2).
【來源】Yuanqing Xiang, Zhiqin Peng, Dajun Chen. A new polymer/clay nano-composite hydrogel with improved response rate and tensile mechanical properties. European Polymer Journal 42 (2006) 2125–2132.
[ Last edited by chinajinlei on 2009-7-24 at 00:34 ],
以前用紅外做過
都不是很科學(xué),用核磁法
DMA方法可以計(jì)算。但具體怎么計(jì)算我也很想知道
DMA?我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室有這個設(shè)備,怎么計(jì)算。