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我的Nature Materials論文:一種碳的一維同素異形體 作者:wulishi8(一別三秋) 我的Nature Materials論文在今天剛剛上線,因此來寫個關(guān)于碳材料的小故事。我的論文鏈接,歡迎大家去圍觀:http://www.nature.com/nmat/journ ... /full/nmat4617.html 就像奧運(yùn)會的口號一樣,"更快、更高、更強(qiáng)"。科學(xué)研究也往往向極端的方向演化:大到宇宙,小到夸克、原子。在二維材料的研究中,科學(xué)家往往對制備更大更薄的單晶樣品感興趣。具體到碳鏈的研究上,因?yàn)槠浔旧淼囊痪S結(jié)構(gòu)限制,就意味著研究的目標(biāo)只剩下了在長度上的突破,即,制備更長的碳鏈。 圖1是論文中的Figure1。 眾所周知,碳原子因?yàn)槠洫?dú)特的4電子結(jié)構(gòu),使得其區(qū)別于其他元素,擁有多種同素異形體(碳原子的神奇之處還在于它是創(chuàng)造了生命必不可少的主要元素,組成各類蛋白質(zhì)。。。)。這些碳的同素異形體的導(dǎo)電性能從導(dǎo)體、半導(dǎo)體、半金屬,一直延伸到絕緣體,見圖2(Hirsch. Nature Mater. 2010)。如:sp3雜化形成的金剛石是絕緣體;sp2雜化形成的石墨、石墨烯(2010年諾貝爾獎物理獎),是良導(dǎo)體;區(qū)于sp3和sp2之間的,如碳納米管和富勒烯(如C60,C70等等,1996年諾貝爾獎化學(xué)獎),是半導(dǎo)體/金屬型和半導(dǎo)體。最后,單三鍵形成的sp雜化的碳鏈,則是能帶隨著其長度可調(diào)的半導(dǎo)體。 圖2:各類碳的同素異形體 然而,碳鏈?zhǔn)沁@類眾多碳的同素異形體中,最不為人知的一個。最主要的原因是:它的結(jié)構(gòu)極不穩(wěn)定,難以存在于常溫常壓下,且相互之間容易產(chǎn)生cross-link 反應(yīng)。石墨烯在2004年被剝離出來之前,也被廣泛地認(rèn)為單原子層的石墨烯不存在,因?yàn)槠錈崃W(xué)的不穩(wěn)定性。然而,現(xiàn)在大家都知道,不僅石墨烯單原子層可以穩(wěn)定存在,并且其他各類金屬,有機(jī)物,無機(jī)物的單原子層也可以被制備和發(fā)現(xiàn),如:2016年3月剛剛實(shí)現(xiàn)的硼單原子層,14年的鐵單原子層,目前熱門的各類TMDs材料,黑磷,等等。 碳鏈的存在和發(fā)現(xiàn)一直存在著很大的爭議(Smith, et al. Science 1981, 1982)。它的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以追溯到上個世紀(jì)60年代,蘇聯(lián)科學(xué)家號稱在隕石中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一維的碳鏈結(jié)構(gòu),并將其命名為carbyne(Kasatochkin, et al. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1967)。之后對于碳鏈的研究,大致可以分為幾類: 1) 在自然中尋找和發(fā)現(xiàn),包含宇宙中,隕石中,火山巖中,等等。 2) 實(shí)驗(yàn)室中模擬高溫高壓環(huán)境制備碳鏈(如:Heath, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987); 3) 利用自下而上的化學(xué)方法,從短到長,制備碳鏈(如:Chalifoux et al. Nature Chemistry 2010); 4) 在碳管中制備碳鏈(如:我的Nature Materials論文)。 Smalley, Curl和Kroto因?yàn)樗麄儗τ诟焕障┑难芯慷@得1996年的諾貝爾獎化學(xué)獎。然而他們研究的起因是,Curl一直在從事對于碳鏈的研究。他開始是利用光譜方法來研究宇宙中存在的短碳鏈,然而這種方法不僅費(fèi)時費(fèi)力,并且相當(dāng)昂貴。他聽說了Smalley實(shí)驗(yàn)室有一臺最新設(shè)計的激光沉積系統(tǒng),配備有先進(jìn)的mass spectrometer,可以模仿宇宙中的高溫環(huán)境同時測試產(chǎn)物的mass,因此他想利用同樣的系統(tǒng)來模擬宇宙中的極端環(huán)境來人工制備碳鏈。由此,偶然而必然地帶來了C60的神奇發(fā)現(xiàn)(Kroto, et al. Nature 1985)。其實(shí),他們也成功地利用這臺設(shè)備制備出了各種長度的短碳鏈(Heath, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987)。 碳鏈的化學(xué)法制備,最早可以追溯到1885年,Baeyer利用化學(xué)法,初步嘗試制備短碳鏈。Baeyer由于他在有機(jī)化學(xué)中的整體貢獻(xiàn),而獲得了1905年的諾貝爾獎化學(xué)獎。經(jīng)過一百多年的發(fā)展,利用自下而上的方法,獲得了最長包含44個碳原子的碳鏈(Chalifoux et al. Nature Chemistry 2010)。 在碳管中制備碳鏈,源于碳管的研究興起,啟發(fā)于C60@碳納米管的peapod結(jié)構(gòu)的成功制備。利用碳管的保護(hù),來達(dá)到制備長碳鏈的目的。最開始是由趙新洛教授利用電弧法直接制備得到了存在于多壁碳納米管中的長直碳鏈(Zhao, et al. Physical Review Letters 2003)。之后Shinohara教授組對于短碳鏈填充到碳納米管中進(jìn)行了廣泛的研究。我的這篇NM論文的意義在于:利用后處理的方法,在雙壁碳納米管中直接大量制備微米級別的碳鏈(包含幾千個碳原子),并且利用TEM和近場拉曼直接觀測到了碳鏈的長度和拉曼峰;另外,還研究了碳鏈和碳管之間的相互作用。不久之后,還將有幾篇論文專注于:碳鏈和碳管之間的電荷傳遞,碳鏈的能級,碳鏈對于碳管熒光光譜增強(qiáng)的研究,等等。屆時再一一介紹。 最后,做個廣告,歡迎大家加入我2016年3月份新創(chuàng)建的"碳納米管與拉曼光譜"qq群,一起分享各類資源和訊息,目前有300余群友,很多好的共享資源(如科學(xué)家的PPT,各類書籍,經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn),群友分享,實(shí)用工具軟件,等等)。因?yàn)檫@個版塊不能貼出具體qq群號,具體群號碼見這個帖子,還有金幣領(lǐng)哦(http://www.gaoyang168.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=10076988)。 下面是英文的宣傳文章,以供參考。 Unraveling truly one dimensional carbon solids Direct proof of stable ultra-long 1D carbon chains as a route to carbyne Elemental carbon appears in many different forms, including diamond and graphite. Their unique structural, electrical and optical properties have a broad range of potential applications in composite materials and nanoelectronics. Within the "carbon family", only carbyne, the truly one-dimensional form of carbon, has not yet been synthesized; although studied for the last 50 years, its extreme instability in ambient conditions has rendered the final experimental proof of its existence elusive. In an international collaboration, researchers at the University of Vienna, led by Thomas Pichler, have succeeded in developing a novel route for the bulk production of carbon chains composed of more than 6,000 carbon atoms, using thin double-walled carbon nanotubes as protective hosts for the chains. These findings represent an elegant forerunner towards the final goal of carbyne's bulk production and will be published in Nature Materials. 圖3.png Even in its elemental form, the high bond versatility of carbon allows for many different well-known materials, including diamond and graphite. A single layer of graphite, termed graphene, can then be rolled or folded into carbon nanotubes or fullerenes, respectively. To date, Nobel prizes have been awarded for both graphene (2010) and fullerenes (1996). Although the existence of carbyne, an infinitely long carbon chain, was proposed in 1885 by Adolf von Baeyer (Nobel laureate for his overall contributions in organic chemistry, 1905), scientists have not yet been able to synthesize this material. Von Baeyer even suggested that carbyne would remain elusive as its high reactivity would always lead to its immediate destruction. Nevertheless, carbon chains of increasing length have been successfully synthesized over the last 50 years, with a record of around 100 carbon atoms (2003). This record has now been broken by more than one order of magnitude, with the demonstration of micrometer length-scale chains. The new record Researchers from the University of Vienna, led by Thomas Pichler, have presented a novel approach to grow and stabilize carbon chains with a record length of 6,000 carbon atoms, improving the previous record by more than one order of magnitude. They use the confined space inside a double-walled carbon nanotube as a nano-reactor to grow ultra-long carbon chains on a bulk scale. In collaboration with the groups of Kazu Suenaga at the AIST Tsukuba in Japan, Lukas Novotny at the ETH Zürich in Switzerland and Angel Rubio at the MPI Hamburg in Germany and UPV/EHU San Sebastian in Spain, the existence of the chains has been unambiguously confirmed by using a multitude of sophisticated, complementary methods. These are temperature dependent near- and far-field Raman spectroscopy with different lasers (for the investigation of electronic and vibrational properties), high resolution transmission electron spectroscopy (for the direct observation of carbyne inside the carbon nanotubes) and x-ray scattering (for the confirmation of bulk chain growth). The researchers present their study in the latest edition of "Nature Materials". "The direct experimental proof of confined ultra-long linear carbon chains, which are more than an order of magnitude longer than the longest proven chains so far, can be seen as a promising step towards the final goal of unraveling the "holy grail" of carbon allotropes, carbyne", explains the lead author, Lei Shi. Application potential Carbyne is very stable inside double-walled carbon nanotubes. This property is crucial for its eventual application in future materials and devices. According to theoretical models, carbyne's mechanical properties exceed all known materials, outperforming both graphene and diamond. Carbyne's electrical properties suggest novel nanoelectronic applications in quantum spin transport and magnetic semiconductors. The work was supported by FWF and the EU. Publication in "Nature Materials": "Confined linear carbon chains as a route to bulk carbyne": Lei Shi, Philip Rohringer, Kazu Suenaga, Yoshiko Niimi,Jani Kotakoski, Jannik C. Meyer, Herwig Peterlik, Marius Wanko, Seymur Cahangirov, Angel Rubio, Zachary J. Lapin, Lukas Novotny, Paola Ayala, Thomas Pichler, Nature Materials, 2016 http://www.nature.com/nmat/journ ... /full/nmat4617.html http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NMAT4617 |

木蟲 (小有名氣)
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恭喜,同時對碳材料又多了些了解 發(fā)自小木蟲Android客戶端 |

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