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Abstract
Based on the models about transformation kinetics, transformation plasticity and creep strain, a numerical
modeling used to simulate the metallo-thermo-mechanical behaviors during quenching and tempering is presented.
And this modeling is coded into program Numerical Simulation of Heat Treatment (NSHT), which
is veri!ed to be e9ective in simulation of heat treatment by comparing with the measured results. With this
program, conventional quenching and tempering processes used for treatment of a 6 MW rotor are analyzed,
the calculated results of which are compared with those of the newly designed processes. Based on these
comparisons, some pieces of advice about heat treatment are given as instructions to industrial processing,
which are proved to be e9ective in industry.

Introduction
During heat treatment of forgings with large sizes, internal stresses arise due to temperature
gradient and unsynchronous transformation in the surface layer and inner layer [1,2]. Sometimes
these stresses are high enough for the appearance of crack, which even possibly lead to fracture
of work-piece. In order to avoid this, it is necessary to decrease the magnitude of internal stresses
as soon as possible. Because physical simulation is diBcult to establish a model in satisfying the
similarity criterions simultaneously in thermal Cow, microstructure change and stress distribution,
!nite element method is explored to present and analyze the evolution of internal stresses through
coupled calculations of metallo-thermo-mechanical behaviors during thermo-mechanical processing.
Besides HEARTS [3,4] and SYSWELD [5] being developed mainly for numerical simulation of heat
treatment, other commercial software packages like ABAQUS [6], DEFORM [7] and so on are also
enlarging their functions by considering heat treatment. However, most of them considered only one
or two parts of the following aspects—stress-induced transformation kinetics, transformation plasticity
and creep strain. In this work, a FEM modeling for quenching and tempering processes is established
by incorporating these three aspects, and software Numerical Simulation of Heat Treatment NSHT
based on this modeling is developed and then used to calculate metallo-thermo-mechanical behaviors
during quenching and tempering processes of a 6 MW rotor.
完了~
paper題目：
A FEM modeling of quenching and tempering and its application in industrial engineering

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