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| 在化學中，GM是什么單位，代表什么？比如in the range of 100-5400GM |
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劉璐蓉123: 金幣+5, 翻譯EPI+1, ★★★很有幫助 2016-06-19 21:46:11
劉璐蓉123: 金幣+5, 翻譯EPI+1, ★★★很有幫助 2016-06-19 21:46:11
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把你提供的話放到百度一搜，得到好幾篇文章，其中一篇就清楚表明GM是什么（當然不是克了），你看看合你意嗎。 Previously reported δ values for a limited number of conventional photoinitiators are on the order of or less than 10 Göppert Mayer (GM) units, where 1 GM = 10−50 cm4 s per photon [3]. 文章前面部分如下，你也可以自己去下下來仔細看看。 Two-photon absorption cross-sections of common photoinitiators Katherine J. Schafer a, Joel M. Hales b, Mihaela Balu b, Kevin D. Belfield a,b,∗, Eric W. Van Stryland b, David J. Hagan b a Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32826, USA b School of Optics/CREOL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA Received 26 June 2003; received in revised form 10 September 2003; accepted 22 September 2003 Abstract Recent interests in and applications of two-photon absorption (2PA) induced photopolymerization have afforded advanced opportunities to perform three-dimensionally resolved polymerization, resulting in intricate microfabrication and imaging. Many of the reported 2PA-induced polymerizations make use of commercially available photoinitiators, and a key parameter to consider is the two-photon absorption cross-section (δ) of the initiator. To date, there has been no comprehensive investigation of two-photon absorptivity of commercial photoinitiators, though a few studies presenting novel photoinitiators for two-photon polymerization have appeared. Herein, we report the 2PA properties of common, commercially available photoinitiators typically utilized in conventional radiation curing science and technologies, and often used in 2PA-based polymerizations. Z-scan and white-light continuum (WLC) pump–probe techniques were utilized to obtain two-photon absorption cross-sections (δ). The results for most compounds were found to yield good agreement between the two methods. Most of the photoinitiators studied possess low δ, except Irgacure OXE01, indicating a need for the development of new photoinitiators with improved properties optimized for 2PA applications. A compound prepared in our laboratories exhibits high 2PA and was useful as a two-photon free-radical photoinitiator. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Two-photon absorption; Photoinitiators; Photopolymerization; Irgacure; Darocure 1. Introduction The process of two-photon absorption (2PA), applied to photopolymerization, is a method being examined for a number of advanced applications such as the production of intricate three-dimensional (3D) microstructures [1–3], high density optical data storage [4], and 3D integrated optical components [5–7]. Typical resins used for photopolymerization are often comprised of carefully selected photoinitiators, monomers and/or oligomers, photosensitizers or co-initiators, and various additives may often be included in the final composite system. Inherent in these photopolymerizable resin systems is the use of photoinitiators typically absorbing UV and/or visible radiation. Efforts in the synthesis and photochemical studies of novel photoinitiators with more desirable properties have been the subject of investigation for conventional UV-visible radiation curing technologies [8,9]. Conventional photoinitiators, however, often suffer from small 2PA cross-sections (δ) in the near-IR ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-407-823-1028; fax: +1-407-823-2252. E-mail address: kbelfiel@mail.ucf.edu (K.D. Belfield). wavelength range where femtosecond-lasers are typically used for 2PA-induced polymerization. Previously reported δ values for a limited number of conventional photoinitiators are on the order of or less than 10 Göppert Mayer (GM) units, where 1 GM = 10−50 cm4 s per photon [3]. Despite the low δ values, we have demonstrated the general utility of a wide variety of conventional photoinitiators for the 2PA polymerization of acrylate, epoxide, vinyl ether, and thiol-ene monomers [10–12]. In response to the low δ of commercially available photoinitiators, efforts have been made to prepare novel photoinitiators possessing higher 2PA cross-sections, with the expectation that larger δ values allow for lower laser powers and shorter irradiation time, resulting in minimal optical damage to materials [3,10,13]. It has also been suggested that a photoinitiator possessing high δ may allow the use of low-cost micro-lasers, of the same polymerization speed as that obtained with conventional femtosecond-lasers and commercial UV resins [14]. Efforts to produce novel photoinitiators with improved photosensitivity to near-IR radiation for 2PA polymerization are limited, and subject to tedious synthetic procedures. |
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