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[優(yōu)秀文章推薦]中科院在甜高粱吸收重金屬鎘分子機理研究方面取得進展
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A schematic representation of main processes involved in differential Cd uptake and translocation in H18 and L69 plants. 鎘污染問題嚴(yán)重威脅著糧食安全和人類健康，如何有效治理土壤鎘污染愈發(fā)受到人們的關(guān)注。作為最具前景的生物質(zhì)能源植物之一，甜高粱具有莖稈含糖量高、生長周期短、生物量大、抗逆性強、適種范圍廣等優(yōu)勢，利用其修復(fù)鎘污染土壤，莖稈和籽粒生產(chǎn)燃料乙醇，酒糟用于燃燒發(fā)電，鎘元素可從灰燼中加以回收。這樣鎘就從食物鏈轉(zhuǎn)移到能源鏈中，兼顧了生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟效益。目前人們對甜高粱吸收鎘的研究較少，且多局限于生理層面。同時，甜高粱作為非超富集植物，吸收的鎘多儲存于根中，限制了其從污染土壤中提取鎘的能力。因此，解析甜高粱吸收鎘的生理和分子機理、促進鎘從根向地上部分的轉(zhuǎn)運是提高甜高粱吸收鎘能力的重要前提。 Correlation analysis between total Cd uptake per plant against dry weight of shoot 中國科學(xué)院植物研究所李銀心研究組對來自全球不同地區(qū)的96個甜高粱品系進行了篩選，發(fā)現(xiàn)不同品系對鎘的耐受、吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運能力具有很大差異。根據(jù)篩選結(jié)果，研究人員以鎘轉(zhuǎn)運能力強和弱的兩個甜高粱品系H18和L69（鎘轉(zhuǎn)運系數(shù)相差4倍）為材料，針對影響甜高粱吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運鎘的關(guān)鍵因素開展研究。研究結(jié)果表明，H18通過共質(zhì)體途徑吸收的鎘顯著高于L69，且其根的內(nèi)皮層中質(zhì)外體屏障較L69更弱，木質(zhì)部汁液中鎘的含量也更高。研究人員利用比較轉(zhuǎn)錄組學(xué)，通過分析兩個品系間的差異表達基因及鎘響應(yīng)基因的異同，將鎘轉(zhuǎn)運能力差異主要聚焦到苯丙素和木質(zhì)素合成以及細(xì)胞壁修飾過程。同時，一些金屬轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因的差異表達也可能是導(dǎo)致兩個甜高粱品系對鎘吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運能力不同的重要原因。由此，研究人員提出根的吸收、細(xì)胞壁的結(jié)合、內(nèi)皮層的阻隔作用，以及木質(zhì)部裝載等多個過程的協(xié)同作用決定了甜高粱對鎘的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運能力。 該研究從生理、細(xì)胞和分子水平初步揭示了甜高粱吸收鎘的機理，鑒定出多個影響鎘吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運的關(guān)鍵基因，為利用生物技術(shù)提高甜高粱吸收鎘的能力提供了新的靶標(biāo)和思路。 Light and transmission electron microscopy of root ultrastructure. 影響甜高粱吸收鎘的關(guān)鍵因子。(A) 兩個甜高粱品系H18（高積累鎘）和L69（低積累鎘）在水培條件下，10 μM 鎘處理兩周后地上部分和根的圖片。(B) 影響甜高粱吸收和積累鎘的關(guān)鍵過程，包括：（a）鎘從外部進入根細(xì)胞；（b）細(xì)胞壁對鎘的結(jié)合；（c）內(nèi)皮層質(zhì)外體屏障；（d）木質(zhì)部轉(zhuǎn)運；Heat map圖展示的是差異表達基因中參與共質(zhì)體途徑的轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因和參與凱氏帶形成的基因。 Heat map of DEGs involved in phenylpropanoid pathway and lignin biosynthesis Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread soil contaminant threatening human health. As an ideal energy plant, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has great potential in phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soils, although the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, key factors responsible for differential Cd accumulation between two contrasting sweet sorghum genotypes (high-Cd accumulation one H18, and low-Cd accumulation one L69) were investigated. H18 exhibited a much higher ability of Cd uptake and translocation than L69. Furthermore, Cd uptake through symplasmic pathway and Cd concentrations in xylem sap were both higher in H18 than those in L69. Root anatomy observation found the endodermal apoplasmic barriers were much stronger in L69, which may restrict the Cd loading into xylem. The molecular mechanisms underlying these morpho-physiological traits were further dissected by comparative transcriptome analysis. Many genes involved in cell wall modification and heavy metal transport were found to be Cd-responsive DEGs and/or DEGs between these two genotypes. KEGG pathway analysis found phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was over-represented, indicating this pathway may play important roles in differential Cd accumulation between two genotypes. Based on these results, a schematic representation of main processes involved in differential Cd uptake and translocation in H18 and L69 is proposed, which suggests that higher Cd accumulation in H18 depends on a multilevel coordination of efficient Cd uptake and transport, including efficient root uptake and xylem loading, less root cell wall binding, and weaker endodermal apoplasmic barriers. |
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