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【原創(chuàng)】2009 Materials Research Society Spring Meeting Scene - Day 2
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2009 MRS Spring Meeting April 13 - 17, 2009 San Francisco, California DAY 2 TUESDAY, APRIL 14 The 2009 Materials Research Society (MRS) Spring Meeting continued in San Francisco on Tuesday, April 14 with a full slate of technical sessions, the opening of the Exhibit, a number of Government Funding seminars, the Student Mixer, and more. Proceedings from this meeting have already begun to be posted. We invite you to view the papers that were posted on Tuesday, and encourage you to check back frequently -- new papers will be added throughout the meeting.  CONTENTS Outstanding Young Investigator: Teri Odom Symposium X: David Scott, Ancient Egyptian Pigments: Mysteries and Materials Technical Sessions Student Mixer MRS Fellows Government Funding Seminars Poster Awards Spring Meeting Facebook Group MRS Meetings Blog OUTSTANDING YOUNG INVESTIGATOR TALK: Teri Odom | Northwestern University Materials Screening and Applications of Quasi-3D Plasmonic Lattices Teri W. Odom of Northwestern University is the recipient of the 2009 MRS Outstanding Young Investigator (OYI) award. She presented her OYI lecture as part of symposium EE on quasi-3D plasmonic lattices. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are responsible for optical phenomena including negative refraction, enhanced optical transmission, and nanoscale focusing of light. Although many materials support SPPs, the choice of metal for most applications has been based on traditional plasmonic materials such as Ag and Au because there have been no side-by-side comparisons of different materials on well-defined, nanostructured surfaces.  Odom’s group has developed a multiscale patterning approach—soft interference lithography (SIL) combined with PEEL—that can be used to create a wide range of hierarchically structured, plasmonic materials. PEEL is a simple procedure that combines Phase-shifting photolithography, Etching, Electron-beam deposition, and Lift-off of the metal film. Typical patterned areas exceed 1 in2 with ca. 1010sup> nanostructures generated simultaneously.  The nanofabrication platform described by Odom not only enables rapid screening of a wide range of metals under different excitation conditions, but can also identify unexpected materials and achieve high sensitivities for biosensing. Nanopyramidal gratings—with quasi-3D unit cells—were used to generate SPP dispersion diagrams for Al, Ag, Au, Cu, and Pd. Surprisingly, the SPP coupling efficiencies of Cu and Al exceeded widely used plasmonic materials under certain excitation conditions. Furthermore, grazing angle excitation can produce the highest refractive index sensitivities at optical frequencies because of extremely narrow SPP resonances (full-width-at-half-minimum SYMPOSIUM X: DAVID SCOTT ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PIGMENTS: MYSTERIES AND MATERIALS The ancient Egyptians mastered the art and science of the preparation of synthetic blue and green pigments as well as making a number of advances in the utilization of naturally occurring mineral pigments. The combination of these approaches to color resulted in the ancient Egyptians having the most diverse pigment palette of any ancient civilization. In his talk, which was the first symposium X talk of the Meeting, David Scott of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California at Los Angeles, described the examination of some examples, drawn from recent work carried out in collaboration with the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Petrie Museum, University College-London, and the Museum of Man in San Diego.  In the first example, Scott described the use of blue. Lapis Lazuli is the mineral typically used but it is rare. Also Azurite, which is a copper carbonate, is difficult to obtain. The Egyptians got around this by creating Egyptian blue, which was the world’s first synthetic pigment. Scientists have now determined that this is calcium copper silicate, a phyllosilicate with sheets of 6-membered rings with a tetragonal structure. Knowledge of Egyptian blue was lost around 6-7th century AD. Scott described various investigations of this compound that have expanded our current knowledge, allowing us to rediscover its secrets.  Scott also described Egyptian green or Earth green, which, for example, was found in Queen Nefertari’s grave. Malachite, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2, was apparently used, although the true extent of the use is unknown. One of the issues with ancient pigments and materials is degradation. Malachite is subject to alteration to one of the copper trihydroxychlorides, especially in Egyptian environments. It is suspected that copper chlorides observed are alteration products from malachite, Egyptian blue and Egyptian green. Other similar effects include Egyptian blue turning brown-green from degradation of gum Arabic binder or dirt accumulation; Egyptian blue appearing green, due to yellowing of varnish coatings such as Pistacia resin layers, or heated Pistacia; and Egyptian blue changing to green following transformation to a basic copper chloride, such as atacamite.  Scott’s presentation clearly indicated that there is a lot to learn about the materials, pigments and otherwise, used by the ancient Egyptians, with sophisticated structures and compositions. The talk also exposed the potential and the need for significant collaborations between archeologists/conservators and materials researchers in the search for answers to some of these ancient mysteries. TECHNICAL SESSIONS A small sampling of some of the technical sessions at the 2009 MRS Spring Meeting. Symposium BB: Material Systems and Processes for Three-Dimensional Micro- and Nano-Scale Fabrication and Lithography l/20 resolution achieved using single-color photo-excitation and deactivation of polymerization John T. Foukas of the University of Maryland presented a new approach to photo-lithography that enables complex three-dimensional (3D) nano-structures having feature size as small as one-twentieth of the excitation wavelength to be patterned in a single photo-exposure step. This work was also reported recently in Science (www.sciencexpress.org, 9 April 2009, DOI: 10.1126/science.1168996). The method, named Resolution Augmentation through Photo-Induced Deactivation (RAPID), demonstrates a means for overcoming the diffraction limit in optical lithography. The Maryland team showed that multi-photon-initiated polymerization activated at 800 nm using a focused laser beam can be suppressed by overlapping a second deactivation beam in the pre-polymer. When the de-activation beam is spatially shaped, the photo-polymerization volume can be shrunk much smaller than the diffraction limit. Remarkably, the de-activation beam can be a long-pulse or continuous wave beam also tuned to 800 nm, so RAPID can be implemented with a single laser. Because multi-photon excitation can be used to direct-write 3D structures, the Fourkas group was able to create truly 3D nano-structures with axial features as small as 40 nm. Symposium BB continues this week with featured reports of the latest developments in bottom-up, top-down, and hybrid approaches for creating 3D micro-/nano-scale materials and devices. Symposium DD: Ion Beams and Nano-Engineering Forming Carbon Nanocups, Nanorings and Nanocup Films  Credit: Y. Jung, Northeastern University In nanotechnology, at present, it is important to have available carbon nanomaterials with specific predesigned dimensions, morphology, and structure, for various applications. In his presentation in symposium DD, Y. Jung of Northeastern University described the formation of unique graphitic nanostructures with length/diameter (L/D) aspect ratios smaller by a factor of 1000-100,000 compared to conventional carbon nanotubes. These graphitic nanostructures have been named carbon nanocups (L/D=1-2), carbon nanorings (L/D Symposium KK: Structure-Property Relationships in Biomineralized and Biomimetic Composites Adhesive Structure of the Freshwater Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha The afternoon session in symposium KK focused on Structure-Function Relationships in Biomineralized Tissues.  In the second talk, E.D. Sone (University of Toronto, Canada) discussed the adhesive structure of the freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. This organism is notorious in the Great Lakes region of North America for its ability to attach to hard surfaces such as boat hulls and water intake pipes. This has led to the rapid spread of the species since its accidental release about 20 years ago, resulting in serious environmental and economic consequences. The motivation for this work thus was an understanding of the mechanisms of zebra mussel adhesion that could lead to targeted strategies for preventing biofouling. Attachment of the zebra mussel is achieved by means of its byssus, a series of proteinaceous threads that connect the animal to adhesive plaques secreted onto the substrate. The structure of the organic-mineral interface is critical to the function of the system as a whole. While the byssus of the zebra mussel is superficially similar to those of its marine counterparts, significant structural and compositional differences suggest that further investigation of the adhesion mechanisms in freshwater species is warranted. Sone described their investigations of the zebra mussel byssus, with a focus on the plaque-substrate interface. For the first, time the detailed distribution of DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)-containing proteins in the zebra mussel plaque was investigated. These proteins are believed to play a central role in the attachment of the mussel’s adhesive plaque to the substrate, as has been shown for marine mussels. Nano-Porous Sucker Rings from Dosidicus Gigus  H. Birkedal, from Aarhus University, Denmark, described the structural characterization of the sucker rings from the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas. The squid, also called the red devil, is a large, aggressive, and predatory species commonly encountered throughout the Eastern Pacific. It has 8 arms and 2 tentacles with suckers, and the present study focused on the tentacles. The sucker rings are rigid toothed ring-like structures within the suckers that provide additional gripping power during prey capture and handling. It was shown that the sucker rings from this species exhibit a unique set of characteristics not reported previously for any other biological structural material. They consist of a proteinaceous nanoscale network of densely packed parallel tubular elements that are presumably stabilized almost entirely by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The network of channels exhibits a distinctive mesostructure and organizational gradient, reducing its diameter and abundance from the tooth core to the periphery. The mechanical properties were investigated using nanoindentation and modeling studies. It was found that the nanostructure modulates the mechanical properties. It was also interesting that the structure was completely protein-based.  Symposium R session - standing room only! Symposium NN: Materials and Strategies for Lab-on-a-Chip Color-Changing Shape Memory Polymers In his talk on color-changing shape-memory polymers (SMP), Patrick T. Mather of Syracuse University described the design, synthesis, processing, and characterization of new SMPs with built-in temperature sensing capabilities. He first gave a brief introduction to SMPs. Next, he described the new materials that were prepared by incorporating a fluorescent, chromogenic dye into a family of crosslinked poly(cyclooctene-co-cyclooctadiene) P(CO-co-COD) matrices by imbibing from a dye solution. The new SMP copolymers were designed to feature tailored melting temperature and were prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization via ruthenium catalysis, followed by thermal crosslinking with dicumyl peroxide. The dye concentration was chosen to allow for self-assembly of the dye upon drying, resulting in the formation of excimers. Heating the phase-separated blends to temperatures above the SMP melting point (Tm) caused dissolution of the dye molecules, and associated change optical absorption and fluorescence color. These changes are quite reversible and the transition is determined by co-polymer composition. Mather also described end-linked shape memory networks. Mather summarized his talk by indicating that covalently crosslinked crystalline SMPs offer excellent strain fixing and recovery. Both one-way and two-way shape memory effects are possible with crystalline networks. Color change in SMPs is possible by incorporation of an excimer-forming dye, and this effect seems broadly applicable to crystalline SMPs. Exploiting this color changing effect for sensing applications as well as in SMP science is planned in future work. STUDENT MIXER Students were invited to mingle at a special event.    MRS FELLOWS 33 distinguished members were honored for their lifetime of contributions to the advancement of materials research. A full list of the honorees is available here.  POSTER AWARDS The following poster authors were presented with Outstanding Poster Awards at Tuesday night's poster session.  OO3.15 Three-dimensional Nano-bio-diagnostic System using Protein Nanoparticle Eun Jung Lee1, Jin-Seung Park1, Keum-Young Ahn1, Moon Kyu Cho2, Hyuk-Seong Seo1, Jong-Am Song1, Jong-Hwan Lee1, Jae-Uk Shin1, Seong-Eun Kim1, Young Keun Kim2 and Jeewoon Lee1; 1chemical and biological engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, South; 2materials science and engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, South.  AA3.9 In-Situ catalytic growth of Gallium Nitride Nanowires. Rosa E Diaz1, Renu Sharma2, Subash Mahajan1 and Karalee Jarvis1; 1School of Material, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; 2Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.  N3.3 Microstructure of Multiphase Thermoelectric Ag-Sb-Te Alloys Joshua D. Sugar, Peter A Sharma and Douglas L Medlin; Materials Physics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California. GOVERNMENT FUNDING SEMINARS MATERIALS RESEARCH SUPPORT AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE -- ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE ARO Seeks “Unprecedented Materials Properties  The Materials Science Division of the U.S. Army Research Office (ARO), under the direction of David Stepp, seeks to realize unprecedented materials properties by embracing long-term, high-risk, high-payoff opportunities for the U.S. Army with special emphasis on materials by design, and mechanical behavior of materials, physical properties of materials, and synthesis and processing. During a presentation on funding opportunities, Stepp said the realization of unprecedented materials properties today will enable revolutionary devices and systems for the soldier of 25 years from now. Stepp provided an overview of current research focus areas within the ARO Materials Science Division, including specific research objectives currently targeted within each of the primary emphasis areas. It was noted that the Division is currently seeking to establish a new thrust in the area of directed self-assembly of reconfigurable materials. Contact information for the Division personnel, in addition to a summary of the various types of basic research awards that are available through ARO was also provided. Stepp also discussed some common misunderstandings that perspective researchers have when seeking research support from ARO. He highlighted the critical importance of communicating directly with the program managers, even with a very preliminary research idea. He also asserted that ARO is seeking high-risk fundamental materials science research over devices and products. The Web site for all U.S. Army Research Office information is http://www.aro.army.mil. Stepp welcomed any inquiries and said that he could be reached any time at david.m.stepp@us.army.mil. He reiterated that it is best to talk to one of the program directors first before sending in any kind of proposal. MATERIALS RESEARCH SUPPPORT AT THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY U.S. DOE Basic Energy Sciences see Increased Funding  An increase of over 23% in funding for basic energy sciences highlights the Fiscal Year 2009 U.S. Federal Budget. An additional one-time appropriation of $1.6 billion included within the 2009 Economic Recovery Act, combined with the over $1.57 billion within the 2009 budget, further underscores the federal government’s renewed emphasis on science funding. A.H. Carim (Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy), said that his office will use the increased funding to further its stated priorities, which include investing in science to achieve transformational discoveries, changing the landscape of energy demand and supply, and promoting economic prosperity through the creation of millions of “green” jobs. BES maintains two distinct but inter-related research portfolios, investing in large, interdisciplinary research through the DOE Lab Program, and emphasizing innovation-driven science through its University Grant Program. With its share of the $17.33 billion in science investments represented in the Economic Recovery Act, BES will invest a significant portion on the following, according to Carim: the National Synchotron Light Source, construction of user support buildings at the Berkeley Lab, Ultrafast Science Instruments at Stanford University, refurbishments at five Nanoscale Science Research Labs, and others. Carim also emphasized that there are a number of vacant positions within the Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Interested parties can view open positions at http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/BESjobs.html. NANOSCIENCE RESEARCH SUPPORT THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Tof Carim, program manager of the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences at the Department of Energy gave an overview of the approximately $100 million in funding opportunities available at the five Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs) he oversees—five user facilities designed to provide specialized equipment and support staff at no cost to researchers through a peer reviewed proposal process. Carim encouraged researchers from academia, government and industry interested in synthesis, processing, fabrication, analysis, characterization and modeling of nanoscale materials to submit proposals to one or more of the NSRCs to take advantage of the unique capabilities offered at each facility, such as synchrotron beamlines with nanoscale resolution that “provide specialized access and support staff that are difficult for an individual institution to build and maintain.” Detailed information about each NSRC is available at http://nano.energy.gov. After this overview, representatives from each of the five NSRCs discussed the unique capabilities of their facility. Carolyn Bertozzi, Director of The Molecular Foundry highlighted the multidisciplinary research efforts at this facility, including a nanoparticle synthesis robot designed to produce a myriad of nanomaterials of varying composition and size, and state-of-the-art imaging capabilities tailored to view living systems at the nanoscale. Stephen Streiffer, Interim Director of Center for Nanoscale Materials at Argonne National Laboratory gave a summary of their key capabilities, such as scanning tunneling microscopy for studying magnetic properties and other novel high-resolution characterization techniques. Mark Hybertsen of the Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Laboratory discussed this center’s capabilities, in particular the low energy electron microscopy technique used to obtain time-resolved surface imaging of nanoscale materials. Tom Picraux, Chief Scientist at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies at Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratory noted their efforts in creating platforms to “interrogate nanomaterials,” such as studying transport properties in quantum computing. Linda Horton, Division Director of Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory rounded out the discussion with her facility’s focus on neutron science, scanning probes and modeling of nanoscale systems. During the question and answer session, participants were encouraged to contact staff scientists at each center to learn more about the specific instruments and expertise each facility provides.  |
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