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| 水分和氮素是限制小麥農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的兩個最重要因素，是小麥碳代謝和氮代謝中不可或缺的原料，在關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)揮了不可替代的作用，對小麥地上部分的生理生長影響復雜。干旱作為影響小麥生產(chǎn)最主要的非生物脅迫因素，嚴重抑制作物的光合作用，引起作物體內(nèi)葉綠素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游離氨基酸含量和相關(guān)酶活性的改變，對相關(guān)基因的表達產(chǎn)生影響，從而抑制作物的最終產(chǎn)量。本實驗結(jié)果表明，低氮下，干旱提高兩種小麥抽穗期葉綠素含量，但與正常澆水相比差異不顯著，而高氮處理后，二個品種的葉綠素含量顯著增加�？梢娫诟珊禇l件下，氮素起到維持葉綠素穩(wěn)定的作用，因為氮能增加葉片的類胡蘿卜素含量，而類胡蘿卜素的作用就是猝滅葉片中不穩(wěn)定的三線態(tài)葉綠素和對光合膜有潛在破壞作用的單線態(tài)氧（于顯楓等，2008）,從而減輕干旱脅迫對葉綠素完整性的破壞,減小光合膜受損程度, 起到保護光合機構(gòu)、維持光合效率的作用，這與前人研究結(jié)果一致（薛崧和吳小平，1997）。本研究結(jié)果還表明干旱提高兩種小麥抽穗期葉片游離氨基酸含量，降低可溶性蛋白含量，但對可溶性糖含量的影響與氮素水平有關(guān)，高氮顯著增加兩種小麥干旱下可溶性糖含量，并通過影響碳氮代謝途徑提高小麥體內(nèi)的可溶性蛋白和游離氨基酸含量，緩解干旱對碳氮代謝造成的不利影響。張殿忠（1988）在其研究中就提到過高氮營養(yǎng)水平可減緩缺水植物的氮代謝紊亂。另外，本實驗還得出干旱提高兩種小麥gs酶活的結(jié)論。植物體內(nèi)95%以上的銨需要通過gs/gogat 循環(huán)得到同化，gs是氮代謝的關(guān)鍵酶。在干旱脅迫下，gs酶活的提高在一定程度上促進作物氮代謝水平的提高，從而維持植物自身生存需要，這是植物應對干旱做出的反應。氮是氮代謝中的關(guān)鍵元素，提高氮素濃度能顯著提高氮代謝水平，而gs 是處于氮代謝中心的多功能酶，參與多種氮代謝的調(diào)節(jié)，其活性的高低可以反映氮素同化能力的強弱（王月福等，2003）。這也就解釋了本實驗中的另一個結(jié)論：高氮成倍地提高干旱下gs酶活，同時也證明了氮素能緩解嚴重干旱對氮代謝產(chǎn)生的不利影響。在本實驗中，干旱對gdh、pepc酶活的影響與品種有關(guān)，s品種的gdh、pepc酶活在干旱脅迫下提高，而d的gdh酶活基本保持不變，pepc酶活降低。這可能與d品種是抗旱性品種有關(guān)，由于d較耐旱，在干旱條件下他不需要像s一樣，通過提高酶活性來增強自身的抗旱性。此外，高氮同樣提高了干旱下二個小麥品種的gdh和pepc酶活，這都是代謝水平提高的表現(xiàn)。基因的表達受對多方面因素的影響，在本實驗中，氮素對干旱下小麥碳氮代謝中相關(guān)酶基因表達的影響與有關(guān)。干旱降低gs1、gogat（除低氮下s）、gdh（除高氮下d）、pepc（除高氮下d）表達量，提高gs2、rubisco（除低氮下d）表達量；高氮降低干旱下gs1、gs2表達量，提高gogat（除干旱下s）、pepc（除正常澆水下d）、rubisco表達量。 |
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水分和氮素是限制小麥農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的兩個最重要因素，是小麥碳代謝和氮代謝中不可或缺的原料，在關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)揮了不可替代的作用，對小麥地上部分的生理生長影響復雜。干旱作為影響小麥生產(chǎn)最主要的非生物脅迫因素，嚴重抑制作物的光合作用，引起作物體內(nèi)葉綠素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游離氨基酸含量和相關(guān)酶活性的改變，對相關(guān)基因的表達產(chǎn)生影響，從而抑制作物的最終產(chǎn)量。 Water and nitrogen are the two most important factors restricting the agricultural production of wheat. They are indispensable raw materials in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of wheat, play an irreplaceable role in key links and have a impact on the physiological growth of above ground parts of wheat. As the most important abiotic stress factor affecting wheat production, drought seriously inhibits the photosynthesis of crops, causes changes in chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, free amino acid content and related enzyme activity in crops, thus affecting the expression of related genes and inhibiting the final yield of crops. 本實驗結(jié)果表明，低氮下，干旱提高兩種小麥抽穗期葉綠素含量，但與正常澆水相比差異不顯著，而高氮處理后，二個品種的葉綠素含量顯著增加�？梢娫诟珊禇l件下，氮素起到維持葉綠素穩(wěn)定的作用，因為氮能增加葉片的類胡蘿卜素含量，而類胡蘿卜素的作用就是猝滅葉片中不穩(wěn)定的三線態(tài)葉綠素和對光合膜有潛在破壞作用的單線態(tài)氧（于顯楓等，2008）,從而減輕干旱脅迫對葉綠素完整性的破壞,減小光合膜受損程度, 起到保護光合機構(gòu)、維持光合效率的作用，這與前人研究結(jié)果一致（薛崧和吳小平，1997）。 The results of this research showed that under low nitrogen, drought increased chlorophyll content of the two kinds of wheat at heading stage, but there was no significant difference compared with normal watering; while the chlorophyll content of the two varieties increased significantly after high nitrogen treatment, which indicates that that nitrogen plays a role in maintaining chlorophyll stability under drought conditions. This is due to the fact that nitrogen can increase the content of carotenoids in the leaves, and the role of carotenoids is to quench the unstable trilinear chlorophyll in the leaves and the potentially destructive single-linear oxygen in the photosynthetic membrane (Yu Xianfeng et al., 2008), so as to alleviate the damage of drought stress on chlorophyll integrity, reduce the degree of photosynthetic membrane damage, and play a role in protecting photosynthetic institutions and maintaining photosynthetic efficiency, which is consistent with previous research results (Xue Song and Wu Xiaoping, 1997). 本研究結(jié)果還表明干旱提高兩種小麥抽穗期葉片游離氨基酸含量，降低可溶性蛋白含量。但干旱對可溶性糖含量的影響與氮素水平有關(guān)，高氮顯著增加兩種小麥干旱下可溶性糖含量，并通過影響碳氮代謝途徑提高小麥體內(nèi)的可溶性蛋白和游離氨基酸含量，緩解干旱對碳氮代謝造成的不利影響。張殿忠（1988）在其研究中就提到過高氮營養(yǎng)水平可減緩缺水植物的氮代謝紊亂。另外，本實驗還得出干旱提高兩種小麥gs酶活的結(jié)論。 The results also showed that drought increased the content of free amino acids and decreased the content of soluble protein in the leaves of two kinds of wheat at heading stage. However, the effect of drought on soluble sugar content is related to nitrogen level. High nitrogen significantly increases soluble sugar content in two kinds of wheat under drought conditions, and improves soluble protein and free amino acid content in wheat through influencing carbon and nitrogen metabolism, thus alleviating the adverse effect of drought on carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Zhang Dianzhong (1988) mentioned in his research that high nitrogen nutrition level can slowed down the nitrogen metabolism disorder of water-deficit plants. In addition, this experiment also concluded that drought improved the activity of gs enzyme of two kinds of wheat. 植物體內(nèi)95%以上的銨需要通過gs/gogat 循環(huán)得到同化，gs是氮代謝的關(guān)鍵酶。在干旱脅迫下，gs酶活的提高在一定程度上促進作物氮代謝水平的提高，從而維持植物自身生存需要，這是植物應對干旱做出的反應。氮是氮代謝中的關(guān)鍵元素，提高氮素濃度能顯著提高氮代謝水平，而gs 是處于氮代謝中心的多功能酶，參與多種氮代謝的調(diào)節(jié)，其活性的高低可以反映氮素同化能力的強弱（王月福等，2003）。這也就解釋了本實驗中的另一個結(jié)論：高氮成倍地提高干旱下gs酶活，同時也證明了氮素能緩解嚴重干旱對氮代謝產(chǎn)生的不利影響。 More than 95% ammonium in plants needs to be assimilated through gs/gogat circulation, which is a key enzyme for nitrogen metabolism. Under drought stress, the improvement of gs enzyme activity promotes the improvement of nitrogen metabolism level of crops to a certain extent, so as to maintain the survival needs of plants, which is the response of plants to drought. Nitrogen is a key element in nitrogen metabolism, and increasing nitrogen concentration can significantly improve nitrogen metabolism. Gs, as a multi-functional enzyme at the center of nitrogen metabolism, is involved in the regulation of various nitrogen metabolism, of which the activity level can reflect the strength and weakness of nitrogen assimilation ability (Wang Yuefu et al., 2003). This explains another conclusion of this experiment that high nitrogen multiplies the activity of gs enzyme under drought, and also proves that nitrogen can alleviate the adverse effects of severe drought on nitrogen metabolism. 在本實驗中，干旱對gdh、pepc酶活的影響與品種有關(guān)，s品種的gdh、pepc酶活在干旱脅迫下提高，而d的gdh酶活基本保持不變，pepc酶活降低。這可能由于d品種較耐旱，在干旱條件下他不需要像s一樣，通過提高酶活性來增強自身的抗旱性。此外，高氮同樣提高了干旱下二個小麥品種的gdh和pepc酶活，這都是代謝水平提高的表現(xiàn)�；虻谋磉_受對多方面因素的影響，在本實驗中，【****氮素對干旱下小麥碳氮代謝中相關(guān)酶基因表達的影響與有關(guān)***】。干旱降低gs1、gogat（除低氮下s）、gdh（除高氮下d）、pepc（除高氮下d）表達量，提高gs2、rubisco（除低氮下d）表達量；高氮降低干旱下gs1、gs2表達量，提高gogat（除干旱下s）、pepc（除正常澆水下d）、rubisco表達量。 In this experiment, the effect of drought on ghd and pepc enzyme activity was related to the variety of enzyme. gdh and pepc enzyme activities of s variety were increased under drought stress, while gdh enzyme activity of d variety remained basically unchanged and pepc enzyme activity of d variety was decreased. This is probably due to that the enzyme activities of d variety are drought-tolerant, which does not need to enhance its drought-resistance via improving enzyme activity, just as s variety does. In addition, high nitrogen also increased gdh and pepc enzyme activities of the two wheat varieties under drought conditions, which is also the manifestation of increased metabolic level. Gene expression is affected by many factors. In this experiment, [***the effect of nitrogen on gene expression of related enzymes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism of wheat under drought conditions was related to.....]. Drought reduced the expression levels of gs1, gogat (except for s variety under low nitrogen), GDH (except d variety under high nitrogen) and pepc (except d variety under high nitrogen), while increased the expression levels of gs2 and rubisco (except d variety under low nitrogen). High nitrogen decreased the expression levels of gs1 and gs2 under drought conditions, while increased the expression levels of gogat (except s variety under drought), pepc (except d variety under normal watering) and rubisco. 注意，最后一節(jié)中文有問題，中文已經(jīng)用【***。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。***】，英文用[***...........................*****]標出，請注意 |
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