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[資源]
【資源】生物柴油新書！
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Preface With the depletion of oil resources as well as negative environmental impact associated with the use of fossil fuels, there is a renewed interest in alternate energy sources. As the world reserves of fossil fuels and raw materials are limited, active research interest has been stimulated in nonpetroleum, renewable, and nonpolluting fuels. Biofuels are the only alternate energy source for the foreseeable future and can still form the basis of sustainable development in terms of socioeconomic and environmental concerns. Biodiesel and bioethanol, derived from plant sources, appear to be promising future energy sources. It is against this background that this book was conceived and prepared. The book has three sections. Section 1 has four chapters. Chapter 1 is introductory and gives a profile of plant-based biofuels. Chapter 2 deals with the world biofuel scenario and provides an overview of the production of biofuels from biomass materials by thermochemical and biochemical methods, as well as trends of utilization of the products in the world. Chapter 3 deals with the thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquids and gaseous fuels and focuses on pyrolysis and other conventional thermochemical processes. It describes various types of pyrolysis processes, namely, slow, fast, flash, and catalytic processes in detail to give the reader better insight into these thermochemical processes. Chapter 4 describes the production of biofuels, with special emphasis on biodiesel. Section 2 of the book deals with the production of bioethanol and has seven chapters. Chapter 5 is titled “Fuel Ethanol: Current Perspectives and Future,” and analyses the current status of biomass-to-ethanol programs. It summarizes the ways in which rapid increase in world demand for fuel ethanol and the state of the oil market may notably influence the international market price of ethanol and provide opportunities for large-scale production in other regions such as Europe and Asia. In the long term, lignocellulose to ethanol conversion is the most viable pathway, from a sustainability point of view. However, its production cost must be reduced significantly in order for this process to have a chance to drive forward the strategy of biomass-to-ethanol conversion worldwide. Chapter 6 on molasses ethanol provides an overview of the status of ethanol fermentation from molasses and process practices applied for the improvement of ethanol production by ethanologenic microorganisms such as yeasts Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, and the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the topic of ethanol from starchy biomass. Chapter 7 focuses on the production of starch saccharifying enzymes. The enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of starch include α-amylase, α-amylase, glucoamylase, and pullulanase. These enzymes can be obtained from plant and microbial sources but industrial demand is met through the latter. This chapter presents a brief description of the sources, applications, and production of these enzymes. Chapter 8 is on hydrolysis using these enzymes and fermentation. The remaining chapters in this section cover the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass (Chapter 9),the pretreatment of the substrates and production of cellulases and hemicellulases (Chapter 10), and hydrolysis and fermentation (Chapter 11). Section 3 of the book is on the production of biodiesel from plant sources and has eight chapters. Chapter 12 in this section discusses current perspectives and the future of biodiesel production. It argues that opportunities for the future for biodiesel include improvements in the conversion technology, which appears promising, and expanding the amount of available feedstock through various plans to increase oil yields or oilseed production. Chapter 13 describes biodiesel production technologies and substrates. Other chapters describe the lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel (Chapter 14), biodiesel production with supercritical fluid technologies (Chapter 15), and the production of biodiesel from various plant sources, such as palm oil (Chapter 16), rice bran oil (Chapter 17), karanja and jatropha seed oils (Chapter 18), mahua oil (Chapter 19), and rubber seed oil (Chapter 20). Each of the chapters incorporates state-of-art information. It is our hope that readers will find the book useful. http://d.namipan.com/d/0acb881ff ... d7e057c99f5cc923c00 |
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