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09021122木蟲 (正式寫手)
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請高手幫忙翻譯一篇短文,急!!!!
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翻譯: The concept of population genomics was introduced to describe the process of sampling numerous loci within a genome to identify locus-specific effects from genome-wide effects. Likewise, “genomic phylogeography” describes the simultaneous sampling numerous loci across the genome to infer population history and estimate demographic parameters. Genomic phylogeography is distinguished from multilocus phylogeography by scale and degree. Multilocus studies usually focus on a few tens of markers; although a considerable improvement over single-locus analyses, such studies still only sparsely sample the full heterogeneity of the drift process, and inferences may be driven by a few outlier loci. In genomic phylogeography, by contrast, enough loci are screened to accurately estimate sampling distributions across loci, and locus-specific effects will be represented on the extreme values while genome-wide effects will fall into the centers of the distribution. Such locus-specific effects may be due to selection, mutation, or recombination, whereas genome-wide effects are due to demographic processes such as gene flow, inbreeding, population growth, or bottle necks, and that informs population history. Two main steps are involved in this process: (1) estimating genome-wide effects and (2) detecting outlier loci. Luikart et al.(2003) and Storz(2005) review ways for identifying outlier loci that uses simulated or empirical null distribution of summary statistics such as Fst or homozygosity. These genomic approaches have been successfully applied to model species such as humans, drosophila, and maize. The empircal distribution requires that enough loci be sampled to build robust null distributions and avoid erroneous identifications of perfectly good neutral loci. Examples or methods that use theoretical distributions are Ewens-Watterson test for neutrality, and the Fst outlier test developed by Beaumont and Nichols. |

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那么長一段話居然都不給BB,實(shí)在有點(diǎn)過分了!不過我猜你應(yīng)該是忘記了,既然你急要,我就先幫你翻了~可是不是你們專業(yè)的,有很多專業(yè)單詞拿不準(zhǔn),如果翻錯了,請見諒哈! 人口基因組學(xué)這一概念的引入描述了一種通過在單一基因組內(nèi)采樣大量位點(diǎn),以此從全基因組產(chǎn)生的影響中鑒別出特定基因座影響的方法。 同樣,“基因組親緣地理學(xué)”描述了同時采樣基因組內(nèi)的大量位點(diǎn),可用于推斷人口歷史和估計(jì)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)參數(shù)。基因組親緣地理學(xué)可從其規(guī)模和深度上區(qū)別于多位點(diǎn)親緣地理學(xué)。多位點(diǎn)的研究通常只關(guān)注幾十個基因標(biāo)記;盡管其相較于單位點(diǎn)分析有著一定程度上的改進(jìn),但這種研究還是只采樣了漂移過程所帶來的所有異質(zhì)性中極少的一部分,并且其結(jié)果也有可能被少量異樣位點(diǎn)所影響。相對而言,基因組親緣地理學(xué)中掃描了足夠多的位點(diǎn),從而可準(zhǔn)確估計(jì)出位點(diǎn)的采樣分布,并且特定基因座的影響將被表示為一些極端數(shù)值,而全基因組的影響將落入分布的中心。這些特定基因座的影響可能源于基因選擇、突變、或重組,而全基因組的影響則是由于人口的流動過程,如基因流動,近親繁殖,人口增長,或瓶頸,而且這些也顯示了人口的歷史。這一方法包含兩個步驟:(1)預(yù)測全基因組的影響,和(2)測定異常位點(diǎn)。Luikart等人(2005)和Storz(2005)回顧了一些用于鑒別異常位點(diǎn)的方法,這些方法利用了綜合統(tǒng)計(jì)的模擬或經(jīng)驗(yàn)零分布,如Fst或純合性等。這些基因組方法已成功應(yīng)用到模式物種中,如人類、果蠅和玉米。其經(jīng)驗(yàn)分布要求采樣足夠多的位點(diǎn),以建立堅(jiān)實(shí)可信的零分布,并避免優(yōu)良中性位點(diǎn)的錯誤鑒定。使用理論分布的例子或方法有用于中性測試的Ewens-Watterson測試,和Beaumont and Nichols發(fā)明的Fst異常位點(diǎn)測試。 |

木蟲 (正式寫手)


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