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隨著工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展和城市人口的劇增，工業(yè)污水與生活污水的排放量日益加大，污泥的產(chǎn)出量迅速增加。污泥當中含有相當量的有毒有害物質(zhì)，如病原菌、病毒、寄生蟲卵和重金屬等，如果不進行妥善的處理處置，必定會對環(huán)境造成嚴重的二次污染。目前對污泥的處置存在有兩方面的問題:一是尚無一種普遍采用同時又不對環(huán)境造成污染的行之有效方法；二是污泥處置需要耗費巨大的資金，在歐美，污泥處置費用占污水處理廠總基建費用的比例高達百分之60到70 [41]。大量積累的污泥，不僅將占用大量土地，而且其中的有害成分如寄生蟲、重金屬、病原菌、有機污染物及臭氣等將成為影響城市環(huán)境衛(wèi)生的嚴重危害因素。目前污泥處置的一般方法包括：填埋、焚燒、投海等，但是這些方法弊端很多。(1)現(xiàn)行的填埋方法主要是衛(wèi)生填埋，其優(yōu)點是投資較少、容量較大、見效較快，但此法必須注意場地的選取、考慮當?shù)氐乃摹⒌匦螚l件，不僅要避免污染地下水，還要防止?jié)B出液的滲漏和降解氣的釋放等。隨著人口的劇增，土地資源不斷減少，可供填埋的場地已十分有限，填埋法有一個最嚴重的問題是填埋液容易進入地下水層，污染地下水環(huán)境。(2)焚燒的技術優(yōu)勢在于其處理的徹底性，減量率可達到95 %左右。但焚燒存在著如下的問題: 投資和操作費用較高，計劃實施較困難；在焚燒過程中會產(chǎn)生飛灰、爐渣和煙氣。飛灰中含有較多Cd、Pb 及其它重金屬，屬于危險廢棄物。在排放的煙氣中含有二噁英和呋喃等劇毒物質(zhì)，若控制不當可能會產(chǎn)生二次污染，而且二噁英的測定要求非常高，不容易測定；污泥中的有用成分未得到充分的利用。(3)投海法并未從根本上解決環(huán)境問題，它會造成海洋污染，對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人類食物鏈造成嚴重威脅，受到人們愈加強烈地反對。因此，污泥的根本出路是資源化利用。目前進行了大量的研究，有污泥制氫、堆肥等。 MFC是一種新型的生物反應器，它是一種在電化學技術的基礎上發(fā)展起來的以微生物為催化劑將儲存在有機物中的化學能轉(zhuǎn)變成為電能的裝置[42]。MFC除了具有一般燃料電池效率高、無污染等優(yōu)點之外，還具有燃料來源廣泛、反應條件溫和等特點。MFC可利用很多不同的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生電能，Oh[43]和Min[44]等人分別以食品廢水和養(yǎng)豬廢水為原料利用MFC順利的產(chǎn)生了電流，醋酸鹽、乳酸鹽、丁酸鹽等[45]有機物也可作為燃料。污泥中含有較多有機物，據(jù)調(diào)查，我國污泥中的有機物質(zhì)含量約為50%～70%[46]，碳水化合物含量較高，屬于高碳水化合物低脂肪類型[47]，污泥中同時含有豐富的N、P、K等營養(yǎng)元素及微生物所需的各種微量元素Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe[48]等。隨著現(xiàn)代城市和工業(yè)的發(fā)展，污泥的產(chǎn)量急劇地增加，面臨污泥處理過程中所遇到的投資高、難處理等問題，目前專家們正在積極地尋找各種新技術、新方法解決污泥資源化的問題，因此本實驗正是在此前提下提出了利用MFC這項新技術，為污泥資源化的發(fā)展提出了一條嶄新的思路，希望利用該技術同時降低成本達到在污泥中產(chǎn)生電能，將污泥變廢為寶產(chǎn)生良好的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益的目的。如果能夠使MFC的輸出電能保持一個長期穩(wěn)定并且具有一定使用價值的水平，那么MFC的實用性將更上一層樓了。 |
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leeking85
金蟲 (小有名氣)
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mrzhengyao(金幣+150, 翻譯EPI+1):兵貴神速，牛啊，凌晨4點多翻譯的！全部給你了！ 2010-06-01 06:35:15
wypward(金幣+3):歡迎新蟲，精神可嘉 2010-06-01 10:02:03
mrzhengyao(金幣+150, 翻譯EPI+1):兵貴神速，牛啊，凌晨4點多翻譯的！全部給你了！ 2010-06-01 06:35:15
wypward(金幣+3):歡迎新蟲，精神可嘉 2010-06-01 10:02:03
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With the development of industrialized production and increase of population in cities, the amount of industrial waste water, domestic sewage and sewage sludge is raising dramatically. There are many poisonous and harmful substances in the sludge, such as pathogens, viruses, parasitic ova and heavy metals, which would cause seriously secondary pollution to environment if no proper management is applied to them. Currently, there are two problems existing in the management of sludge: one is no effective method that can be widely used and friendly to environment; second is the huge cost of the management of sludge, for example, the cost for sludge's management is as high as the 60% to 70% of the total capital expenditure of a wastewater treatment plant. The accumulation of sludge not only occupies much space but also influences the urban sanitation due to the severely impaired factors that include parasites, heavy metals, pathogens, organic contaminants and stinks. At present the common methods to handle sludge are sludge burial, sludge incineration and ocean disposal, however, there are many short-comings for these methods. (1) the prevailing burial mainly is sanitary landfills. The advantages of it are smaller-investment, larger-capacity, faster-effect, but using this method should pay attention to choose the place, consider the hydrological and geographic conditions so that to avoid polluting ground water, leaking exudates, and releasing degradation gas etc. Due to the growth of population and shortage of land resource place for burial is very limited. And the very severe problem is the inflows of landfill liquid to groundwater, which leads to the pollution of groundwater. (2)incineration's superiority is thoroughness, the reduction ratio could reach as high as 95%. But there are still many problems: high-expenditure of investment and manipulation, difficulty of operation, and fly ash, slag and smoke from the burning procedure. There are many heavy metals like Cd, Pb in the fly ash, which is hazardous waste. Lethal substances, like dioxin and furan, exist in the discharged gas and smoke, which would cause seriously secondary pollution to environment if without a proper management. In addition to high-requirement and difficult-determination of the measurement of dioxin, the substances in slag also cannot be used effectively. (3) ocean disposal doesn't solve the environmental problem basically since it causes ocean pollution and threat for marine ecosystems and human food chain, which is drastically opposited by many people. Therefore, the fundamental outlet to sludge disposal is resource utilization, which leads to many researches currently, such as, hydrogen production and compost etc. MFC is anew-fashioned bioreactor that is developed on the basis of electrochemical techniques and uses microorganism as catalysis to convert chemical energy of organic compounds to electric energy. Besides the advantages of the high-efficiency and pollution-free like other common fuel battery, MFC instrument also obtains many other advantages, such as wide-ranging flue resource and mild reaction conditions. MFC uses different substances to generate electric energy. Through MFC, Oh and Min independently used food waste water and swine-raising waste water to generate electricity and organic compounds acetate, lactate and butyrate salts that also can be used as fuel. There are many organic substances in sludge, according to investigation, the percentage of organic substance in sludge is up to 50% to 70%, which is mainly carbohydrate that belongs to high-carbohydrate low fat type. Sludge also contains abundant N, P, K nutrient elements and Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe microelements. As the development of modern cities and industries, the amount of sludge increases drastically. Facing the issue how to handle the problems of high-investment and difficult-operation, many experts is zealously looking for various new techniques and solutions for resource utilization of sludge. Therefore, under this background this experiment proposes using the new technique----MFC, which provides a novelty thought for development of resource utilization of sludge, and hopes generating electric energy while decreasing the cost by using this technique. So making waste profitable will definitely achieve excellent economic and social benefits. If MFC can output long-term and stable electric energy and make it on the level of value-in-use, MFC will be more practical. 翻譯的很累啊！希望LZ不要惜金啊  |
2樓2010-06-01 04:10:28
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