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【分享】微生物常見單詞 已有9人參與
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active immunity（主動免疫）: Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen. active transport（主動運輸）:Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration) with the aid of proteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP. Alcohol fermentation（乙醇發(fā)酵）：is the formation of alcohol from sugar. Yeast, when under anaerobic conditions, convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the glycolysis pathways, then go one step farther, converting pyruvic acid into ethanol, a C-2 compound. aerobe（好氧微生物）: A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2). aflatoxin（黃曲霉毒素）: From Aspergillus flavus t, a mycotoxin that typically poisons moldy animal feed and can cause liver cancer in humans and other animals. AIDS（愛滋病）: Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ames test（艾姆氏實驗）: A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective bacteria anabolism（合成代謝）: The energy consuming process of incorporating nutrients into protoplasm through biosynthesis. anaerobe（厭氧微生物）: A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen. antibiotic（抗生素）:A chemical substance from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts. antibody（抗體）: A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen. antigen（抗原）: Any cell, particle, or chemical that induces a specific immune response by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a toxin. antigenic determinant（抗原決定基）:The precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response. antimetabolite（抗代謝物）:A substance such as a drug that competes with, substitutes for, or interferes with a normal metabolite. antiseptic（防腐劑）：A growth-inhibiting agent used on tissues to prevent infection. antiserum（抗血清）：Antibody-rich serum derived from the blood of animals (deliberately immunized against infectious or toxic antigen) or from people who have recovered from specific nfections. antitoxin（抗毒素）：Globulin fraction of serum that neutralizesa specific toxin. Also refers to the specific antitoxin antibody itself. arthrospore（節(jié)孢子）：A fungal spore formed by the septation fragmentation of hyphae. ascospore（子囊）：A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis. asepsis（無菌）：A condition free of viable pathogenic microorganisms. autoantibody（自身抗體）：An "anti-self antibody having an ffinity for tissue antigens of the subject in which it is formed. autoantigen（自身抗原）： Molecules that are inherently part of self but are perceived by the immune system as foreign autoimmune disease（自身免疫疾�。篢he pathologic condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens. Example: rheumatoid arthritis. Also called autoimmunity bacteriophage（噬菌體）：A virus that specifically infects bacteria. bacteriostatic（抑菌）：Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth. binary fission（二分裂）：The formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent cell division. B lymphocyte (B cell)： A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells and antibodies. broad spectrum（廣譜）： A word to denote drugs that affect many different types of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative. Capsid（衣殼）：The protein covering of a virus's nucleic acid core. Capsids exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers. capsomer（衣殼粒）： A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc. capsule（莢膜）： In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence. Catabolism（分解代謝）：The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism. cell-mediated immune（細胞介導免疫）： The type of immune responses brought about by T cells, such as cytotoxic, suppressor, and helper effects. chemoautotroph（化能自養(yǎng)菌）：An organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotraph chemotaxis（趨化性）： The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli). Chemotherapy（化學治療劑）：The use of chemical substances or drugs to treat or prevent disease. Chitin（幾丁質(zhì)）：A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the homy substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi complement（補體）：In immunology, serum protein components hat act in a definite sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway. Conldia（分生孢子）：Asexual fungal spores shed as free units from the tips of fertile hyphae. Conjugation（接合）：In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involvespecial (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans. Colony(菌落)： A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single cell. Contaminant（污染物）：An impurity; any undesirable material or organism. Culture（培養(yǎng)物）：The visible accumulation of microorganisms in or on a nutrient medium. Also, the propagation of microorganisms with various media. curd differential medium（鑒別培養(yǎng)基）： A single substrate that discriminates between groups of microorganisms on the basis of differences in their appearance due to different chemical reactions. differential stain（鑒別染色）： A technique that utilizes two dyes to distinguish between different microbial groups or cell parts by color reaction. Disinfection（消毒）：The destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces. ELISA（酶聯(lián)免疫）： Abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a very sensitive serological test used to detect antibodies in diseases such as AIDS。 endospore（芽孢）： A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridiim are typical sporeformers. endotoxin（內(nèi)毒素）： A bacterial intracellular toxin that is not ordinarily released (as is exotoxin). Endotoxin is composed of a phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins can cause severe shock and fever. enriched medium（加富培養(yǎng)基）： A nutrient medium supplemented with blood, serum, or some growth factor to promote the multiplication of fastidiousmicroorganisms. enveloped virus（包膜病毒）：A virus whose nucleocapsid is enclosed by a membrane derived in part from the host cell. It usually contains exposed glycoprotein spikes specific for the virus. essential nutrient（必須營養(yǎng)）：Any ingredient such as a certain amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, or mineral that cannot be formed by an organism and must be supplied in the diet. A growth factor. eucaryotic cell（真核細胞）： A cell that differs from a procaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bound subcellular organdies, and mitotic cell division. Exotoxin（外毒素）：A toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target. Examples: botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria toxin, and erythrogenic toxin. Facultative（兼性的）：Pertaining to the capacity of microbes to adapt or adjust to variations; not obligate. Example: The presence of oxygen is not obligatory for a facultative anaerobe to grow. Fermentation（發(fā)酵）：The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. In large industrial processes, fermentation can mean any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic chemicals or other products. Flagellum（鞭毛） -- Hair-like structure attached to a cell, used for locomotion in many protists and prokaryotes. The prokaryotic flagellum differs from the eukaryotic flagellum in that the prokaryotic flagellum is a solid unit composed primarily of the protein flagellin, while the eukaryotic flagellum is composed of several protein strands bound by a membrane, and does not contain flagellin. The eukaryotic flagellum is sometimes referred to as an undulipodium. Genotype（表型）：The genotype is ultimately responsible for an organism's phototype, or expressed characteristics. Glycolysis（糖酵解）：The energy-yielding breakdown (fermentation) of glucose to pyruvic or lactic acid. It is often called anaerobic glycolysis because no molecular oxygen is consumed in the degradation. Gram stain（革蘭氏染色）：A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet-mordant retention; whereas gram-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain. Granulocyte（粒細胞）：A mature leukocyte that contains noticeabte granules in a Wright stain. Examples: neutrophils, eoainophils, and basophils. growth factor（生長因子）： An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient. Halophlle（嗜鹽菌）： A microbe whose growth is either stimulated by salt or requires a high concentration of salt for growth. |
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