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lrj107hn鐵桿木蟲 (著名寫手)
路人甲-肥龍
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【轉(zhuǎn)帖】對待嚙齒類動(dòng)物更溫和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果變異性會(huì)越小? 已有2人參與
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對待嚙齒類動(dòng)物更溫和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果變異性會(huì)越小? 標(biāo)題： 對待嚙齒類動(dòng)物更溫和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果變異性會(huì)越小? 賈內(nèi)爾•韋弗 1 在動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)室研究中，常規(guī)捉放小鼠方法是抓住小鼠尾基部，但是，這是否是最佳的方法仍不清楚�，F(xiàn)在，研究人員建議用杯狀物舀小鼠或用似隧道的小鼠籠來運(yùn)送小鼠能夠降低小鼠的應(yīng)激水平和激勵(lì)雙方合作雙嬴。 2 今天發(fā)表于《自然方法1》雜志網(wǎng)絡(luò)版上，英國利物浦大學(xué)行為生物學(xué)家簡•赫斯特主持開展的一項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)研究，由于許多動(dòng)物均具有防止被捕捉預(yù)警應(yīng)急能力，當(dāng)有人抓住她們的尾巴時(shí)，小鼠自然非常緊張。然而，科學(xué)家們卻常常這樣做，部分原因是避免被小鼠咬傷。采用這種方式捉小鼠增加他們的焦慮和降低它們與試驗(yàn)人員自愿互動(dòng)合作的可能性。 3 研究人員將3個(gè)品系雌雄性小鼠分別分配到3個(gè)試驗(yàn)組。第一組采用戴手套或?qū)嶒?yàn)室大衣袖子套住手抓小鼠尾基部捉拿小鼠；第二組用充滿了小鼠熟悉氣味腈綸隧道籠來運(yùn)送小鼠；第三組戴手套的手在小鼠周圍慢慢地關(guān)閉帶柄的小鏟將小鼠舀起來，直到小鼠完全適應(yīng)。每次1分鐘每天9~16次。 4 使用腈綸隧道籠或用杯狀物舀小鼠可能有助于使小鼠保持安靜。簡•赫斯特， 與抓住小鼠尾基部直接提起小鼠相比較，用隧道籠或用杯狀物舀小鼠能夠增加它們與處理裝置之間的互動(dòng)行為。與抓住小鼠尾基部直接提起小鼠相比較，試驗(yàn)人員拿住隧道籠或手持籠前半部1分鐘，小鼠逐漸習(xí)慣這些花更多時(shí)間嗅，撕咬和爬上隧道籠的頂部或手步驟。而且這些小鼠進(jìn)入到開放的，無保護(hù)的裝置迷宮更頻繁—焦慮降低的一個(gè)標(biāo)志。 5 與之形成鮮明對比的是，抓住小鼠尾基部直接提起小鼠，引起小鼠排尿和排便增加—遇險(xiǎn)信號(hào)的常見行為。抓其頸背，較少焦慮的小鼠不避處理器約束他們，同時(shí)抓住小鼠尾基部直接提起小鼠會(huì)急忙跑開。 6 麻煩的尾巴 7 加州大學(xué)伯克利分校行為神經(jīng)科學(xué)家達(dá)林•弗朗西斯說，這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)證實(shí)了研究人員已經(jīng)知道的很多應(yīng)激狀態(tài)。她試驗(yàn)室的研究人員因?yàn)樗麄兿氡苊飧淖儜?yīng)激措施的無關(guān)變量影響，已經(jīng)總是采用用杯狀物舀小鼠。她接著說，全面評估小鼠不同處理方法對行為影響情況具有十分重要的意義�！坝帽瓲钗镆ㄐ∈蠡蛴盟扑淼赖男∈蠡\來運(yùn)送，小鼠適應(yīng)相當(dāng)快速，”她說，“作者提供了令人信服地證據(jù)，技術(shù)方法卻非常簡單明白。” 8 “這篇論文又讓我重新思考我們做過的一些事情，”紐約西奈山醫(yī)學(xué)中心行為神經(jīng)科學(xué)家斯科特•羅素說。他的試驗(yàn)室成員常規(guī)采用抓住小鼠尾巴捉小鼠，即使他們調(diào)查應(yīng)激狀態(tài)對焦慮、抑郁和成癮性的影響研究時(shí)，也是這樣�！疤幚砦舶头椒ń^對影響我們觀察到的效應(yīng)，”他說。眾所周知，小鼠的焦慮行為是不一致的—品種之間波動(dòng)頻繁，甚至日間差異也明顯，他說�！叭绻@是降低試驗(yàn)之間變異性的方法，那么這將是一項(xiàng)非常重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)�！� 9 此外，通過一系列的研究課題以改善試驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果的可靠性—從癌癥到免疫系統(tǒng)—變化的步驟可能代表動(dòng)物處理的關(guān)鍵改進(jìn)，赫斯特說。以后，她將與她研究所的各研究領(lǐng)域科學(xué)家合作研究以檢測捉拿動(dòng)物方法對試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的生理反應(yīng)和試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可靠性的影響。 10 加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校行為遺傳學(xué)家德•史密斯說，但是，在中途改變試驗(yàn)方法將帶來新舊試驗(yàn)研究方法的復(fù)雜比較�！凹偃缬腥嗽诿看涡袨闇y試的每個(gè)階段的所有可能步驟的所有變量都進(jìn)行分析，我們最后將處于黑洞，而且實(shí)際上沒有促進(jìn)科學(xué)的發(fā)展�！钡牵a(bǔ)充道，“這項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)研究提出了一個(gè)令人感興趣和有挑釁性的問題，將會(huì)激發(fā)進(jìn)一步熱烈討論�！� 參考文獻(xiàn) 1 赫斯特J. L韋斯特R. S 《自然方法研究進(jìn)展》2010年10.1038/nmeth.1500 Gentler ways of handling the rodents could keep them calm and reduce experimental variability. Janelle Weaver Picking up mice at the base of the tail is standard practice in laboratory research, but whether this is the best method is unclear. Researchers now suggest that cupping a mouse in the hand or carrying it in a small tunnel reduces stress and encourages cooperation. As prospective prey for many animals, mice are understandably nervous when someone seizes their tail. Yet scientists do this regularly, in part to avoid being bitten. Gripping mice in this way increases their anxiety and decreases the likelihood that they will voluntarily interact with experimenters, according to a study led by Jane Hurst, a behavioural biologist at the University of Liverpool, UK, published online in Nature Methods1 today. The researchers placed male and female mice from three strains into one of three experimental groups. Some mice were lifted by the base of the tail and held on a gloved hand or lab-coat sleeve. A second group of mice crawled into an acrylic tunnel filled with a familiar scent. In the third group, the handlers scooped mice up with gloved hands that loosely closed around the animals until the mice had adapted to the routine. Each of the 9-16 daily sessions lasted 1 minute. Carrying mice in tunnels or cupping them in the hand may help to keep them calm. Jane HurstCupping or carrying the mice in tunnels increased their interactive behaviour with the handlers compared with hoisting them by the tail. When the experimenters held a tunnel or hand in the front half of the cage for 1 minute, mice that were accustomed to these procedures spent more time sniffing, chewing and climbing on top of the tunnel or hand compared with those that had been grabbed by the tail. And the mice entered an open, unprotected arm of a maze more frequently — a sign of reduced anxiety. By contrast, tail-grasping caused the mice to urinate and defecate more — behaviours that often signal distress. Less-anxious mice did not avoid handlers that restrained them by the scruff of the neck, whereas tail-snatched mice scurried away. Troubling tail The findings confirm what many stress researchers already know, says Darlene Francis, a behavioural neuroscientist at the University of California, Berkeley. Researchers in her lab always cup mice because they want to avoid extraneous variables that could alter measures of stress. Still, she says, it is important to systematically assess the effects of different handling practices on behaviour. "The animals habituated to the tunnel and cupping methods pretty quickly," she says. "The authors have convincingly demonstrated that the techniques are fairly straightforward and simple." "The paper has made me rethink some of the things we do," says Scott Russo, a behavioural neuroscientist at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York. His lab members routinely clutch mice by the tail, even though they investigate the effect of stress on anxiety, depression and addiction. "Tail handling could absolutely influence the effects we observe," he says. Anxiety behaviour in mice is notoriously inconsistent — it fluctuates across strains, and even across days, he says. "If this is a way to reduce inter-experimental variability, this would be a very important finding." In addition to improving the robustness of results across a range of research topics — from cancer to the immune system — the alternative procedures may represent a key refinement in the treatment of animals, says Hurst. In the future, she will work with various scientists at her institution to measure the influence of handling practices on physiological responses and the reliability of experimental results. But switching methods mid-stream could complicate comparisons between old and new studies, says Des Smith, a behavioral geneticist at the University of California, Los Angeles. "If one tried to analyse all possible variants of all possible practices at every stage of every behavioural test, we could end up in a black hole and not actually move forward with the science." But, he adds, "This study has raised an interesting and provocative issue that might fuel the fires of discussion for some time to come." References 1.Hurst, J. L. & West, R. S. Nature Methods advance online publication doi:10.1038/nmeth.1500 (2010). |
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