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科學(xué)家研制新型含碳納米管電池 壽命提高十倍 來(lái)源 科學(xué)網(wǎng)：轉(zhuǎn)自MIT網(wǎng)站 麻省理工學(xué)院科學(xué)家制造新手機(jī)電池的原材料-----含碳納米管 隨著智能手機(jī)在功能性方面的不斷進(jìn)步，電池續(xù)航能力及壽命卻越來(lái)越無(wú)法滿足用戶的需求。智能手機(jī)用戶抱怨稱，手機(jī)耗電能力就像孩子消耗糖果一樣的迅速。目前，一種全新的便攜式電子產(chǎn)品可充電電池制造科技為解決這一問(wèn)題帶來(lái)曙光，根據(jù)新制造科技制造出來(lái)的電池蓄電力為目前電池的十倍。 麻省理工學(xué)院科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)在電池一端電極使用含碳納米管可以比現(xiàn)在的鋰電池蓄存更多的電力�？茖W(xué)家們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室中使用多層含碳納米管制造電池的正極，同時(shí)使用鋰鈦氧化物制造電池的負(fù)極。這種電池充電效率及蓄電能力遠(yuǎn)比目前最高端的鋰電池更優(yōu)良。為驗(yàn)證含碳納米管電池在使用壽命方面的表現(xiàn)，科學(xué)家對(duì)新研發(fā)的含碳納米管電池進(jìn)行1000次充放電實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果在經(jīng)歷1000次充放電后，含碳納米管電池內(nèi)的物質(zhì)屬性變化極微，電池蓄電力絲毫未見(jiàn)減少。這也就證明，含碳納米管電池?fù)碛斜蠕囯姵馗L(zhǎng)的使用壽命。 對(duì)于使用智能手機(jī)及其他便攜式電子產(chǎn)品的用戶來(lái)說(shuō)，這無(wú)疑是一個(gè)好消息。但目前這種含碳納米管電池仍僅處于實(shí)驗(yàn)室研發(fā)階段。制約這種新型電池普及的主要原因在于，含碳納米管基板在制成電池電極之前需要在兩種不同的電池溶解液中浸泡，而這一過(guò)程極其費(fèi)時(shí)。麻省理工學(xué)院化學(xué)工程系教授保拉-哈蒙德（Paula Hammond）宣稱，她的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)目前正在努力尋找解決這一問(wèn)題的方法。目前提出的最可行解決方法為通過(guò)向含碳納米管基板噴灑可替代性物質(zhì)取代其在電池溶解液中浸泡的耗時(shí)過(guò)程。 相信這種含碳納米管制成的電池在不久的未來(lái)即可上市，屆時(shí)使用智能手機(jī)的用戶將不再需要為手機(jī)電量不夠等問(wèn)題而費(fèi)神。 http://paper.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/6/233822.shtm 更多閱讀 麻省理工學(xué)院網(wǎng)站相關(guān)報(bào)道（英文） 特別聲明：本文轉(zhuǎn)載僅僅是出于傳播信息的需要，并不意味著代表本網(wǎng)站觀點(diǎn)或證實(shí)其內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性；如其他媒體、網(wǎng)站或個(gè)人從本網(wǎng)站轉(zhuǎn)載使用，須保留本網(wǎng)站注明的“來(lái)源”，并自負(fù)版權(quán)等法律責(zé)任；作者如果不希望被轉(zhuǎn)載或者聯(lián)系轉(zhuǎn)載稿費(fèi)等事宜，請(qǐng)與我們接洽。 From left, students Betar Gallant and Seung Woo Lee and professors Yang Shao-Horn and Paula Hammond, in one of the labs where the use of carbon nanotubes in lithium batteries was researched. June 18, 2010 email comment print share Batteries might gain a boost in power capacity as a result of a new finding from researchers at MIT. They found that using carbon nanotubes for one of the battery’s electrodes produced a significant increase — up to tenfold — in the amount of power it could deliver from a given weight of material, compared to a conventional lithium-ion battery. Such electrodes might find applications in small portable devices, and with further research might also lead to improved batteries for larger, more power-hungry applications. To produce the powerful new electrode material, the team used a layer-by-layer fabrication method, in which a base material is alternately dipped in solutions containing carbon nanotubes that have been treated with simple organic compounds that give them either a positive or negative net charge. When these layers are alternated on a surface, they bond tightly together because of the complementary charges, making a stable and durable film. The findings, by a team led by Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Yang Shao-Horn, in collaboration with Bayer Chair Professor of Chemical Engineering Paula Hammond, are reported in a paper published June 20 in the journal Nature Nanotechnology. The lead authors are chemical engineering student Seung Woo Lee PhD ’10 and postdoctoral researcher Naoaki Yabuuchi. Batteries, such as the lithium-ion batteries widely used in portable electronics, are made up of three basic components: two electrodes (called the anode, or negative electrode, and the cathode, or positive electrode) separated by an electrolyte, an electrically conductive material through which charged particles, or ions, can move easily. When these batteries are in use, positively charged lithium ions travel across the electrolyte to the cathode, producing an electric current; when they are recharged, an external current causes these ions to move the opposite way, so they become embedded in the spaces in the porous material of the anode. In the new battery electrode, carbon nanotubes — a form of pure carbon in which sheets of carbon atoms are rolled up into tiny tubes — “self-assemble” into a tightly bound structure that is porous at the nanometer scale (billionths of a meter). In addition, the carbon nanotubes have many oxygen groups on their surfaces, which can store a large number of lithium ions; this enables carbon nanotubes for the first time to serve as the positive electrode in lithium batteries, instead of just the negative electrode. This “electrostatic self-assembly” process is important, Hammond explains, because ordinarily carbon nanotubes on a surface tend to clump together in bundles, leaving fewer exposed surfaces to undergo reactions. By incorporating organic molecules on the nanotubes, they assemble in a way that “has a high degree of porosity while having a great number of nanotubes present,” she says. Powerful and stable Lithium batteries with the new material demonstrate some of the advantages of both capacitors, which can produce very high power outputs in short bursts, and lithium batteries, which can provide lower power steadily for long periods, Lee says. The energy output for a given weight of this new electrode material was shown to be five times greater than for conventional capacitors, and the total power delivery rate was 10 times that of lithium-ion batteries, the team says. This performance can be attributed to good conduction of ions and electrons in the electrode, and efficient lithium storage on the surface of the nanotubes. In addition to their high power output, the carbon-nanotube electrodes showed very good stability over time. After 1,000 cycles of charging and discharging a test battery, there was no detectable change in the material’s performance. The electrodes the team produced had thicknesses up to a few microns, and the improvements in energy delivery only were seen at high-power output levels. In future work, the team aims to produce thicker electrodes and extend the improved performance to low-power outputs as well, they say. In its present form, the material might have applications for small, portable electronic devices, says Shao-Horn, but if the reported high-power capability were demonstrated in a much thicker form — with thicknesses of hundreds of microns rather than just a few — it might eventually be suitable for other applications such as hybrid cars. While the electrode material was produced by alternately dipping a substrate into two different solutions — a relatively time-consuming process — Hammond suggests that the process could be modified by instead spraying the alternate layers onto a moving ribbon of material, a technique now being developed in her lab. This could eventually open the possibility of a continuous manufacturing process that could be scaled up to high volumes for commercial production, and could also be used to produce thicker electrodes with a greater power capacity. “There isn’t a real limit” on the potential thickness, Hammond says. “The only limit is the time it takes to make the layers,” and the spraying technique can be up to 100 times faster than dipping, she says. Lee says that while carbon nanotubes have been produced in limited quantities so far, a number of companies are currently gearing up for mass production of the material, which could help to make it viable for large-scale battery manufacturing. Yury Gogotsi, professor of materials science at Drexel University, says, “This is an important achievement, because there is a need for energy storage in a thin-film format for powering portable electronic devices and for flexible, wearable electronics. Bridging the performance gap between batteries and electrochemical capacitors is an important task, and the MIT group has made an important step in this direction.” Some uncertainties remain, however. “The electrochemical performance data presented in the article may only be valid for relatively thin films with no packaging,” Gogotsi says, pointing out that the measured results were for just the individual electrode, and results might be different for a whole battery with its multiple parts and outer container. “The question remains whether the proposed approach will work for much thicker conventional electrodes, used in devices that are used in hybrid and electric cars, wind power generators, etc.” But, he adds, if it does turn out that this new system works for such thicker electrodes, “the significance of this work will increase dramatically.” http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/batteries-nanotubes-0621.html [ Last edited by alexanderp on 2011-1-4 at 14:30 ] |
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