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[交流] 催化綜述結(jié)論部份的寫法

催化綜述結(jié)論部份的寫法和范文

也曾讀過很多綜述，感到很多綜述虎頭蛇尾，引言部分牛皮吹得很震天響，可是到了最后越寫越粗糙，到了結(jié)尾部分竟然幾句話草草收尾了！讀了如此綜述，感到通篇就是“誰誰誰做了什么，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么”，只有羅列事實(shí)，沒有評(píng)述。正如K.R. Seddon在Inorganic Liquids in Synthesis (Second Edition)一書的序言中所說："How many papers within this annual flood of reviews say anything critical, useful, or interesting? How many add value to a list of abstracts which can be generated in five minutes using SciFinder ot the ISI Web of Knowledge? How many of them can themselves be categorised as garbage? It is the twenty-first century----if a review is just an uncritical list of papers and data, what is its value?"

經(jīng)過長期總結(jié)，發(fā)現(xiàn)綜述的結(jié)論部份其實(shí)是有某種“套路”的，正如中國古代的詞，是有套路的一樣！寫綜述的結(jié)尾部分如同以前高中回答政治題目，要“回答到點(diǎn)子上”。

綜述的結(jié)論部份要實(shí)現(xiàn)幾種基本功能、基本內(nèi)容：

第一層次的內(nèi)容就是要總結(jié)上面已經(jīng)綜述了什么東西，簡(jiǎn)要地給讀者進(jìn)行“復(fù)習(xí)”，然后說這些學(xué)術(shù)進(jìn)展有什么意義。

第二層次的功能是“打補(bǔ)丁”。任何綜述都不可能面面俱到，往往讀者看了文章會(huì)說：“為什么我的文章沒有被引用？”于是就要在綜述里實(shí)現(xiàn)把“補(bǔ)丁”打好。打“補(bǔ)丁”的地方有兩處，一處是引言的最后，另一處是結(jié)論部份再次“打圓場(chǎng)”，說囿于本文的范圍，還有其它什么什么方面沒有介紹，請(qǐng)感興趣的讀者看其它什么什么相關(guān)綜述。

第三層次的內(nèi)容是評(píng)述這些學(xué)術(shù)進(jìn)展的不足之處和面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。這些都是一定要說的。常見的不足之處是：機(jī)理研究不清楚，效果有待進(jìn)一步提高、研究范圍有待擴(kuò)大，只是合成出吸引眼球的材料而沒有證明其引用、沒有能大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)等。討論這些內(nèi)容時(shí)可以分幾段來寫，每一段第一句加一個(gè)總起句。

第四層次的內(nèi)容是對(duì)未來的展望，這也是一定要說的。編輯邀請(qǐng)作者寫綜述，一個(gè)目的就是希望看到這篇綜述在發(fā)表后能夠被廣泛引用。如果綜述的內(nèi)容是一個(gè)“已經(jīng)死亡的課題”，即不會(huì)再有人做的課題，那么這樣的綜述一定不受編輯部歡迎。另外，評(píng)論過去和展望未來，能顯示出作者對(duì)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)識(shí)和洞察力。否則的話，別人查文獻(xiàn)把摘要羅列在一起就行了，何必看綜述呢？

下面我介紹我寫的Z. Ma, S.H. Overbury, S. Dai*, Gold Nanoparticles as Chemical Catalysts, in: Nanomaterials: Inorganic and Bioinorganic Perspectives, C.M. Lukehart, R.A. Scott (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, in press. 一文的結(jié)論部份。

本文作為Nanomaterials: Inorganic and Bioinorganic Perspectives一書的一章，從催化劑設(shè)計(jì)角度綜述了黃金催化劑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的幾種策略和具體的方法。和“市場(chǎng)”上其它綜述的區(qū)別是：其它綜述多描述傳統(tǒng)的黃金催化劑，綜述反應(yīng)機(jī)理、一氧化碳氧化、有機(jī)反應(yīng)和金催化劑的其它應(yīng)用，但是很少有綜述從“高級(jí)催化材料設(shè)計(jì)”的角度綜述金催化劑設(shè)計(jì)的進(jìn)展。本文的目的是填補(bǔ)這樣的“市場(chǎng)空白”。其結(jié)論部份及其講解如下：

8. Concluding remarks
In this chapter, we summarized recent advances in the preparation of nano gold catalysts from the perspective of inorganic materials synthesis. These materials synthesis techniques (e.g., chemical grafting, co-synthesis, and surface-sol-gel method) not only furnish new means to deposit uniform and well-dispersed gold nanoparticles on various supports, but also produce surface-functionalized supports and uniform nanostructured supports for loading gold particles. In addition, after gold particles are supported, the catalyst may be further modified to tune the catalytic performance. These catalysts provide new opportunities for the study of the relation between structure and catalytic performance, and aid in the rational design of gold catalysts.

第一段，第一句為總起句，給讀者一個(gè)寬泛的概念：本文講了什么？本文的選材出發(fā)點(diǎn)（角度）是什么？這一句話等同于文章標(biāo)題，即用一句話擴(kuò)充文章的標(biāo)題。后面兩句話具體回顧本文綜述的金催化劑設(shè)計(jì)的幾個(gè)策略。最后一句話評(píng)價(jià)這些策略的意義。關(guān)于評(píng)價(jià)意義的話總是要的，如果沒有意義，那么綜述也不能發(fā)表了。

To put the information in perspective, it should be mentioned that many methods introduced above are not specially invented by researchers working on gold catalysis, but have their origins in other contexts. For example, the post-grafting of mesoporous SiO2 by organosilanes and the one-pot synthesis of organosilane-functionalized mesoporous SiO2 (Section 3.2) are well known in materials chemistry.106,107 The co-synthesis of SiO2 in the presence of a soluble metal salt to prepare supported metal catalysts (Section 3.3) is also known.108,109 The surface-sol-gel or chemical grafting method (Section 4.1) was initially used to modify flat surfaces and powders for other applications.63 The solvated metal atom impregnation method (Section 7) was initially used by inorganic chemists,110 although they did not report gold catalysis at that time. The post-modification of metal catalysts by SiO2 matrix was reported for platinum catalysts used for car-emission control.111 Therefore, many inorganic synthesis methods can be used for the synthesis of novel gold catalysts, and these methods are also expected to be extended to the preparation of other metal catalysts.

第二段開始“打補(bǔ)丁”，給出一個(gè)正確的“上下文”。第一句說的是：無論這些方法多么吸引眼球，讀者你們千萬不要以為是搞金催化的人首次發(fā)明的，事實(shí)上很多方法在其它催化劑體系中早就應(yīng)用了。接著的五句話圍繞著第一句總起句，列舉文獻(xiàn)中其它催化劑體系的例子，把"credit"給該給的人，這樣的話，讀者讀起來感到很有通透性。最后一句話，打圓場(chǎng)說，合成策略早就被別人發(fā)明了，這并不壞，因?yàn)檫@反過來證明這些方法具有通用性，能被拓展到其它體系中去。換句話說，暗示本綜述也有“通用型”，不但研究金催化的人可以看我的綜述，設(shè)計(jì)其它催化劑的人也可以通過看這篇綜述得到啟發(fā)。

One valid question is whether the gold catalysts synthesized by advanced, demanding, and often tedious, synthetic methods or using unique nanostructured supports (e.g., nanotubes and nanobelts) are better than those synthesized via conventional methods or using commercialized supports. As commented in a recent book,12 “Many methods of preparation have been used, but one wonders why some people have laboured to develop very sophisticated methods while others have been content with a much simpler method, apparently giving the same result, namely, the desired small gold particles.” The answer to that question is certainly ambiguous. On the one hand, modern nanotechnology can indeed help with the design of many gold catalysts with improved catalytic performance that can not be achieved by using conventional methods. On the other hand, one can find many publications focusing on the synthesis part, with the catalytic performance not reported or very low.12 One pitfall may be that some gold catalysts may contain residual capping agents and/or organic fragments. These organic fragments, if not sufficiently removed by special treatments, may poison CO oxidation, although gold catalysts with organic fragments may still show some activity in certain organic reactions. This point was sometimes overlooked, and thus undermining the real performance of these advanced gold catalysts. How to properly remove the organic fragments while avoiding the sintering of gold nanoparticles is a challenge. Even if this challenge is overcome, many factors still have to be considered before there can be large-scale utilization of gold catalysts synthesized by advanced technology.

第三段運(yùn)用理性思辨，指出該專題研究的“陷阱”，那就是：“登山何必扛著船”？如果我用普通合成方法也能得到高效催化劑，那我為什么要用復(fù)雜方法合成“吸引眼球”的納米催化劑？納米催化劑究竟有什么優(yōu)勢(shì)？這一段寫得非常妙，起伏轉(zhuǎn)折，非常critical，體現(xiàn)了一種理性思辨。老板也許不大喜歡我critical，但是編輯他自己讀了我們的綜述后寫信來說他本人非常欣賞這一段的描述。關(guān)于這一段的寫作好在什么地方可以看我的博文優(yōu)美的英語段落欣賞----簡(jiǎn)化版GRE英語http://zhenmafudan.ycool.com/post.2941861.html

In the future, it is important to study the structure-property correlation with the aid of an array of characterization methods.112 One may want to systematically design “model catalysts”, the objective of which is to seek deeper insights into mechanistic roles played by nanostructures instead of achieving high catalytic activity. One idea in this regard is to load gold colloids with identical sizes on different supports to compare their performance, and rank different supports.41,42 Another idea is to systematically build up supports with complex artificial structures. For instance, Au/TiO2/TiO2/SiO2, Au/Al2O3/Al2O3/SiO2, Au/TiO2/Al2O3/SiO2, and Au/Al2O3/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts were synthesized based on SiO2 support sequentially modified by two “l(fā)ayers” of metal oxides.65 However, these “metal/coating/coating/support” catalysts may potentially contain multiple support-coating, coating-coating, metal-support, and metal-coating interfaces, and the difference in catalytic activity in CO oxidation is sometimes too subtle to interpret. Close cooperation between synthetic chemists and those who characterize catalyst properties is needed to better develop functionalized gold catalysts and to elucidate catalytic and structural details on the molecular level.

第四段指出未來學(xué)科發(fā)展的一個(gè)方向：研究結(jié)構(gòu)和物性的關(guān)系。指出可能如此這般進(jìn)行，但是可能存在如此這般問題，暗示一些文章里面示意圖畫得非常吸引眼球，但是是不是真的是“單層”、“層疊層”值得思考。因此號(hào)召搞材料的人和搞物化研究的人把力氣合在一起研究結(jié)構(gòu)和物性的關(guān)系。往往，搞合成納米材料的人不懂催化，搞催化動(dòng)力學(xué)的人不懂納米合成，當(dāng)納米材料和催化結(jié)合在一起，能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新的方向：“納米催化”。

Finally, it should be mentioned that due to the emphasis of this inorganic materials book, we mainly focus on the use of supported gold nanoparticles as catalysts, rather than on the chemical reactions catalyzed by these materials. So far, the most frequently adopted catalytic reaction to evaluate the performance of gold catalysts is CO oxidation. This probe reaction is easy to carry out and is of some practical values in environmental control. However, in the near future, it is expected that researchers in this area will pay more attention to the applications of gold catalysts in other reactions, such as selective reduction of NOx, water-gas shift, catalytic combustion, selective hydrogenation, selective oxidation, and carbon-carbon coupling of organic molecules.16 These reactions are more complex and more demanding than CO oxidation, and are certainly more interesting from an industrial perspective. Currently most gold catalysts used in these reactions are prepared using common methods and simple components. With the fast development of nanotechnology, it is expected that novel gold catalysts with advanced structures and multiple components will also play a role in these reactions in the future.

第五段首先“打補(bǔ)丁”說囿于本文范圍限制，我們主要綜述了新型黃金催化劑的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，在文獻(xiàn)中大多數(shù)人用一氧化碳氧化作為探針反應(yīng)。因?yàn)楸緯顷P(guān)于無機(jī)納米材料的書，所以我們從無機(jī)納米材料角度寫綜述，遺漏了物理化學(xué)和有機(jī)化學(xué)。但是這不代表這些不重要。指出，在將來，研究者可能大幅度拓展黃金催化劑在其它反應(yīng)特別是有機(jī)催化的應(yīng)用。

來源：http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=71964&do=blog&id=208130

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