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《華盛頓郵報》：年輕科學家，去中國吧！ Go to China, young scientist 已有16人參與
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華盛頓郵報》：年輕科學家，去中國吧！ 中國將來或許會成為急需經費的美國科研人員的更好選擇 美國《華盛頓郵報》網站5月21日發(fā)表題為《年輕科學家，去中國吧！》文章，以下為主要內容： 20年前，美國的大多數分子科學博士生畢業(yè)后會在全美各地的大學建立自己的實驗室。這些實驗室促進了創(chuàng)新，讓美國在全球保持著競爭優(yōu)勢。可如今，我的朋友中雖然許多人想在畢業(yè)后自己去創(chuàng)辦實驗室，但能做到的為數不多。有些人進入了工業(yè)、咨詢業(yè)或者法律行業(yè)。還有一些人從事的工作與科學完全不沾邊。 由于政府減少了對科技領域的資金支持，美國那些想成為科學家的人其實不可能都如愿以償。所以最近我的一個朋友拿到分子生物學博士學位后向我咨詢職業(yè)規(guī)劃的事情時，我的回答很簡單。我對她說，去中國吧。 美國科學家出國尋求發(fā)展曾是普遍現象。他們通常會去歐洲，因為那里的專業(yè)知識更強、資金更充裕。接著冷戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)了，美國決策者受到觸動，并采取了行動，進而產生了令人難以置信的結果。政府對科技領域的投資讓從醫(yī)藥到微處理器的方方面面出現了徹底的變革。據美國科學促進會會長艾倫·萊什納說，自二戰(zhàn)結束以來，美國半數以上的經濟增長是拜科技所賜。不過如今，許多科學家，特別是年輕科學家面臨著經費短缺的嚴峻局面。 美國國家衛(wèi)生研究院院長弗朗西斯·柯林斯本月對國會參議員說，該研究院所接到的每6個撥款申請中，“5個要四處乞討”。這種經費困難的情形是否會迫使美國科學家開始把目光投向其他國家的就業(yè)機會？果真如此，他們并不缺少選擇。 全球科學格局與我10年前讀研究生時相比有著天壤之別。尖端科技的契機正出現在美國以外的許多國家。中國就是引人注目的一個。但是還有其他許多國家。印度、巴西和新加坡建立了世界一流的科研機構。沙特阿拉伯正大張旗鼓地為阿卜杜拉國王科學技術大學招募科研人員。那里的資金支持有100億美元之多，比麻省理工學院的經費還多。有了這樣一大筆錢，美國科學家不用再忍受波士頓無盡的寒冬。這些新興強國都在如饑似渴地尋找優(yōu)秀科學家，它們試圖挖走我們的科學家。 我在中國從事了近兩年的分子生物研究工作。我在農業(yè)生物技術國家重點實驗室和北京大學工作過。中國人對待科學非常認真。在過去十年里，政府在科研方面的支出每年增加20%。即便在2008至2009年金融危機期間，中國對科研的投入依然很大。中國現在每年的科研經費達1000億美元。英國皇家學會估計，到2013年，中國科研人員在國際科學雜志上發(fā)表的學術論文會比美國科學家的多。-------這個我表示懷疑。 中國的一些實驗室非常尖端，匯集了在東西方受過訓練的中國科研人員。這種鼓勵創(chuàng)新的環(huán)境加上科研人員的勤奮努力，一定會帶來重大科技突破。中國的大學都積極地聘請外國科研人員，啟動經費會很充足。中國將來或許會成為急需經費的美國科研人員的更好選擇。 如果我們流失一些科學人才，對美國來說會怎樣？吸收了美國人的聰明才智，可能會使中國這樣的國家迅速在空間技術或新型武器研發(fā)方面超越美國。我們自己的經濟成功和安全過去靠的是外籍科學家，譬如愛因斯坦、“氫彈之父”特勒和布勞恩等。布勞恩主持進行了土星5號運載火箭的研發(fā)，從而幫助美國跑贏登月競賽。如果我們的科學家決定去俄羅斯或中國搞科研，那我們還會像以前一樣有競爭力嗎7 美國有才能的科研人員常常有懷才不遇之感，因為他們拿不到科研經費。接到的申請堆積如山，但研究機構不得不拒絕其中的90%以上。不幸的是，由于預算削減導致科研經費有限，這種情況很可能會進一步惡化。因此，我開始鼓勵我的朋友們廣開思路大膽規(guī)劃自己的前途。我告訴他們，去中國吧，去新加坡、巴西或中東也行。如果美國無法為科研人才提供經費，那么，去能讓你如愿以償的國家吧。 ----------自科學網 Go to China, young scientist twenty years ago, most molecular-science PhD graduates in the United States went on to start up their own labs at universities across the country. These labs drive innovation and keep the United States globally competitive. Today, however, only a handful of my friends will go on to run their own labs, though more would like to. Some go into industry or consulting or law. Others leave science altogether. As public funding for science and technology shrinks, it just isn’t possible for people who want to become scientists in America to actually become scientists. So when a friend of mine who recently received her PhD in molecular biology asked for some career advice, the answer was easy. Go to China, I told her. At one time it was common for American scientists to go abroad. Usually, they went to Europe because of better expertise and better funding. Then the Cold War came along and jolted American policymakers into action, producing stunning results. Public investments in science and technology revolutionized everything from medicine to microprocessors. According to Alan Leshner, chief executive of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, more than 50 percent of U.S. economic growth since World War II has come from science and technology. But today, many scientists, particularly young scientists, face a public funding situation that is dire. Dr. Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, told senators this month that for every six grant applications the agency receives, “five of them are going to go begging.” Will this tough funding environment force American scientists to start looking for jobs in other countries? If they do, there won’t be any shortage of options. The global science landscape is radically different from what it was when I started graduate school 10 years ago. Opportunities for cutting-edge science are sprouting in many other countries. China stands out. But there are plenty of others. India, Brazil and Singapore built world-class research institutes. Saudi Arabia aggressively recruits researchers for its King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. With a staggering $10?billion endowment there — larger than MIT’s — American scientists no longer need to suffer through Boston’s endless winters. Not to be outdone, Abu Dhabi opened the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in 2009. These emerging powers have a voracious appetite for good scientists. So they’re trying to poach ours. I spent nearly two years doing molecular biology research in China. I have worked at the National Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and at Peking University in Beijing. The Chinese are serious about science. Government spending on research and development has increased 20 percent each year over the past decade. Even in the midst of the financial crisis of 2008-09, China continued to bet big on science and technology. China now spends $100?billion annually on research and development. The Royal Society, Britain’s national science academy, estimates that by 2013, Chinese scientists will author more articles in international science journals than American scientists do. Chinese labs are cutting-edge intellectual melting pots of Chinese scientists trained in the East and in the West. This environment of creativity and hard work will produce big breakthroughs. Chinese universities aggressively recruit foreign scientists. The start-up packages can be generous and in some cases comparable to what a young faculty member receives in this country. In the future, China might be a better option for U.S. scientists desperate to fund their research. What does it mean for the United States if we lose some of our scientific talent? The infusion of American ingenuity could be the missing catalyst for a country such as China to leapfrog America in space technology or the development of new weapons. Our own economic success and security depended on foreign talent such as Albert Einstein, Edward Teller (who developed the hydrogen bomb), and Werner von Braun (who led the development of the Saturn V booster rocket that helped the United States win the race to the moon). Would we have been as competitive if they had decided instead to work in Russia or China? Talented scientists in this country often fall through the cracks because they can’t get funding. Agencies are deluged with applications and often have to reject as many as 90 percent of the proposals they receive. Unfortunately, the situation is likely to deteriorate further as budget cuts limit the resources available for research. So I’ve started encouraging my friends to think more creatively about their careers. Go to China, I tell them. Or Singapore or Brazil or the Middle East. If the United States can’t fund its scientific talent, find a country that will. Matthew Stremlau, a graduate of Haverford College and Harvard University, is a postdoctoral fellow at the Broad Institute, which is affiliated with Harvard and MIT. |
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