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天行唯我金蟲 (初入文壇)
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[求助]
水處理中英對(duì)照論文急求
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| 急急急，求一篇水處理方面的論文（最好是污水處理，給水也可以），原版是中文的，翻譯成英文！論文不要理論的，要帶數(shù)據(jù)的那種！這個(gè)周天之前就要用，急盼，謝謝大家！如果好的話可以追加金幣！我的郵箱244140743@qq.com |
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天行唯我(金幣+10, 博學(xué)EPI+1): 2011-06-08 12:39:30
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水處理論文污水處理論文 純水制取系統(tǒng)在“電廠化學(xué)水處理”教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 摘要：“電廠化學(xué)水處理”的課程實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)，大部分都是關(guān)于設(shè)備的原理、結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)行操作的內(nèi)容，學(xué)生缺乏感性認(rèn)識(shí)很難理解。本文以純水制取系統(tǒng)為模型，結(jié)合水處理教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)一些教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，能幫助學(xué)生快速掌握電廠水處理常見設(shè)備的結(jié)構(gòu)與運(yùn)行，有助于學(xué)生弄懂水處理設(shè)備運(yùn)行的詳細(xì)過程，對(duì)水處理的教學(xué)起到了積極促進(jìn)作用。 關(guān)鍵詞：電廠化學(xué)；水處理；純水系統(tǒng)；教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì) 電廠化學(xué)專業(yè)是哈爾濱電力職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院（以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”）的傳統(tǒng)專業(yè)，旨在培養(yǎng)適應(yīng)國(guó)家電力行業(yè)發(fā)展的專業(yè)水處理人才，而作為其專業(yè)課的“電廠化學(xué)水處理”的教學(xué)顯得尤為重要。 “電廠化學(xué)水處理”是電廠化學(xué)專業(yè)的核心課程之一，由于這門課實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)，就凈水內(nèi)容來(lái)講，大部分都是關(guān)于設(shè)備的原理、結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)行操作的內(nèi)容。由于學(xué)生缺乏對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)備和環(huán)境的感性認(rèn)識(shí)，很難去理解和對(duì)照。如何讓學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)過程中有形象、具體的認(rèn)識(shí)是急需解決的問題。我院電廠化學(xué)專業(yè)引進(jìn)了超純水制取系統(tǒng)，作為模型模仿火力發(fā)電廠水處理的制取過程。一方面可以對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行理論與實(shí)踐教學(xué)，有助于學(xué)生弄懂水處理設(shè)備運(yùn)行的詳細(xì)過程，進(jìn)行操作和故障處理；另一方面該系統(tǒng)制取的純水還可供實(shí)驗(yàn)室使用，減少了實(shí)驗(yàn)室采購(gòu)蒸餾水的費(fèi)用。 一、純水制取系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介 我院電廠化學(xué)專業(yè)采用的是某公司UPDROMB-500L純水供水系統(tǒng)，產(chǎn)水量為 500 L/h，其主要凈水工藝如圖1所示。 主要出水指標(biāo)電阻率≥18MΩ·cm（25℃）；SiO2≤20μg/L，符合鍋爐給水要求。 二、純水制取系統(tǒng)在“電廠化學(xué)水處理”教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用 1.純水系統(tǒng)原水水質(zhì)分析和教學(xué)的結(jié)合，模擬電廠的原水水質(zhì)分析 本純水系統(tǒng)采用的處理對(duì)象為地下水，利用水質(zhì)分析實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)地下水的指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了化驗(yàn)，模擬電廠的原水水質(zhì)分析展開，由于實(shí)驗(yàn)室正在建設(shè)，能開展的常規(guī)項(xiàng)目見表1。具體的取樣地點(diǎn)為原水水箱，在系統(tǒng)中增設(shè)了5處取樣點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行主要項(xiàng)目的化驗(yàn)。嚴(yán)格按照GB／T 6903—2005鍋爐用水和冷卻水分析方法通則和火力發(fā)電廠水汽分析方法中的方法進(jìn)行測(cè)定。 2.純水系統(tǒng)預(yù)處理工藝與教學(xué)的結(jié)合 �。�1）預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)的選擇和教學(xué)的結(jié)合。目前，火力發(fā)電廠的補(bǔ)給水預(yù)處理工藝主要為：混凝→澄清→ 過濾。結(jié)合純水制取系統(tǒng)，啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考，我們的預(yù)處理為什么這樣設(shè)定？可以結(jié)合火力發(fā)電廠化學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范中的內(nèi)容講解，在系統(tǒng)的選擇上，設(shè)計(jì)問題啟發(fā)學(xué)生結(jié)合學(xué)過的知識(shí)思考。比如本系統(tǒng)預(yù)處理有什么缺欠，針對(duì)這個(gè)缺欠怎樣改進(jìn)。 結(jié)合現(xiàn)有的純水制取系統(tǒng)中的預(yù)處理工藝進(jìn)行比較教學(xué)。本系統(tǒng)采用的是石英砂過濾和活性炭過濾，根據(jù)原水是地下水的特點(diǎn)，含鐵錳等金屬離子較多，設(shè)計(jì)中少了除鐵過濾器，這個(gè)問題讓學(xué)生自己去發(fā)現(xiàn)和總結(jié)。學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過了預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)的選擇要求后，自然很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)問題。如果不加除鐵過濾器，還可以怎樣進(jìn)行呢？有的學(xué)生建議，把石英砂過濾器改造成除鐵過濾器，即把石英砂濾料更改為錳砂濾料；有的建議在原有的流程上增加除鐵過濾器，這樣就達(dá)到了啟發(fā)學(xué)生的目的，同時(shí)也提高了學(xué)生分析解決問題的能力。 �。�2）預(yù)處理工藝中主要設(shè)備操作及故障處理與教學(xué)的結(jié)合。設(shè)備的運(yùn)行和故障處理歷來(lái)都是水處理教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)，以本系統(tǒng)為例，預(yù)處理的主要設(shè)備有石英砂過濾器和活性炭過濾器，而這兩個(gè)設(shè)備是電廠化學(xué)中最重要的兩個(gè)設(shè)備。結(jié)合現(xiàn)有的石英砂過濾器開展以下項(xiàng)目：壓力測(cè)量；流量測(cè)量；石英砂濾料的粒度篩選和裝填，根據(jù)篩分分析方法選擇粒度范圍在0.35～3.0mm的石英砂作為過濾材料，讓學(xué)生自己篩分和裝填；運(yùn)行操作及指標(biāo)監(jiān)督。失效監(jiān)督：根據(jù)出水濁度和進(jìn)出水壓力差兩個(gè)主要監(jiān)督指標(biāo)，結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)室石英砂過濾器，我們開展了進(jìn)水出水壓力的測(cè)量；通過進(jìn)水和出水的濁度測(cè)量，進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算和比較，從而計(jì)算出去濁率。反洗及正洗：在反洗和正洗的教學(xué)過程中，讓學(xué)生自己通過實(shí)驗(yàn)摸索最佳反洗水量和時(shí)間。 在以上開展的項(xiàng)目中，都要求學(xué)生做好數(shù)據(jù)記錄。經(jīng)學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)摸索，讓他們親自確定石英砂過濾器和其運(yùn)行的最佳條件，教學(xué)效果較好。 3.除鹽工藝中主要設(shè)備操作及故障處理與教學(xué)的結(jié)合 （1）除鹽系統(tǒng)的選擇要求與教學(xué)的結(jié)合。本系統(tǒng)采用的除鹽系統(tǒng)為RNa→一級(jí)、RO→二級(jí)、RO→H/OH；針對(duì)地下水硬度大的特點(diǎn)，采用了軟化裝置，二級(jí)反滲透作為預(yù)脫鹽，拋光混床作為末端處理，本系統(tǒng)的出水可以作為實(shí)驗(yàn)室用水。啟發(fā)學(xué)生去思考為什么選擇這樣的系統(tǒng)，可以結(jié)合火力發(fā)電廠化學(xué)補(bǔ)給水關(guān)于除鹽的設(shè)計(jì)部分進(jìn)行教學(xué)，既有直觀的感性認(rèn)識(shí)，又可以讓學(xué)生盡快掌握火力發(fā)電廠除鹽設(shè)計(jì)的一些基本要求和注意事項(xiàng)。除鹽系統(tǒng)另外典型的流程為：H→C→OH→H/OH，可以進(jìn)行比較教學(xué)，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考兩種流程的差異，這樣就可以結(jié)合純水系統(tǒng)使學(xué)生更好地掌握復(fù)雜難以理解的章節(jié)《除鹽系統(tǒng)組成原則和除鹽工藝選擇的要求》的內(nèi)容。 �。�2）除鹽系統(tǒng)主要設(shè)備的操作與故障處理與教學(xué)的結(jié)合。除鹽系統(tǒng)主要設(shè)備的操作是“電廠化學(xué)水處理”教學(xué)的重中之重。結(jié)合本系統(tǒng)中的軟化和二級(jí)反滲透裝置開展以下的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。 RNa交換器的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)： 1）運(yùn)行操作與教學(xué)的結(jié)合。以往的教學(xué)基本都是圖示教學(xué)，在黑板上畫上離子交換器的管路系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行講解，只是平面教學(xué)，沒有感性認(rèn)識(shí)，脫離實(shí)踐，如果結(jié)合設(shè)備效果就會(huì)更好。離子交換器運(yùn)行操作的幾個(gè)主要步驟依次為運(yùn)行、反洗、再生、正洗、備用。針對(duì)這幾個(gè)步驟，讓學(xué)生熟悉和掌握各個(gè)步驟的意義和閥門開啟順序，通過實(shí)際操作去摸索運(yùn)行及反洗、正洗等步驟的最佳水量和條件，培養(yǎng)優(yōu)化裝置的能力，而不是就規(guī)程盲目操作。 2）監(jiān)督與教學(xué)的結(jié)合。常規(guī)監(jiān)督項(xiàng)目為進(jìn)出口壓力差，出水Na+、H（硬度）等。在設(shè)定的取樣點(diǎn)進(jìn)行取樣，進(jìn)行化驗(yàn)和監(jiān)督。要求學(xué)生嚴(yán)格按照火力發(fā)電廠水汽分析方法中的方法進(jìn)行測(cè)定，把這些方法復(fù)印給學(xué)生，培養(yǎng)自我查資料和準(zhǔn)備化學(xué)藥品的能力。圍繞RNa的再生過程開展再生藥劑、鹽耗、比耗的計(jì)算；摸索最佳再生條件，通過學(xué)生親自計(jì)算獲得不同周期的鹽耗，學(xué)生就會(huì)主動(dòng)分析原因。 3）故障設(shè)計(jì)與教學(xué)結(jié)合。故障的設(shè)計(jì)與處理是水處理教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)，也是未來(lái)工作時(shí)解決問題能力的體現(xiàn)。而設(shè)備的結(jié)構(gòu)和原理只是基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，據(jù)此結(jié)合現(xiàn)有設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)一些故障，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生解決問題的能力，為未來(lái)工作做鋪墊，具體故障如下。 軟水裝置不能再生； 出現(xiàn)硬水——（模擬電廠軟化器實(shí)際）； 系統(tǒng)用鹽過多——（模擬電廠軟化器再生鹽箱結(jié)晶問題）； 排水管流出樹脂——（模擬電廠軟化器配水裝置的問題）； 鹽罐中水過量——（模擬電廠軟化器再生液濃度的選擇）； 出水出現(xiàn)鹽水——（模擬電廠軟化器運(yùn)行初期出水不合格）； 不能吸鹽——（模擬電廠軟化器再生噴射器故障）。 以上只是故障中常見的幾項(xiàng)，據(jù)此分析故障出現(xiàn)的原因，討論如何解決這些故障，讓學(xué)生主動(dòng)分析。 二級(jí)RO的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)： 1）回收率、SDI、脫鹽率、ZD、游離氯等常規(guī)指標(biāo)的測(cè)定。反滲透系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)水指標(biāo)是十分嚴(yán)格的，而這些指標(biāo)的教學(xué)只是一帶而過，如果結(jié)合具體的設(shè)備，對(duì)其中每個(gè)進(jìn)水指標(biāo)實(shí)際測(cè)定，可以讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)更深。 以SDI值為例，給出資料，讓學(xué)生自己組建測(cè)定裝置的微型過濾器，如何選擇濾膜及尺寸，通水時(shí)間及如何接滿500mL水，可以讓學(xué)生更深刻地理解SDI值測(cè)定過程。 2）RO安裝及膜組件的選擇。RO相對(duì)來(lái)說比較抽象，如何讓學(xué)生更快地理解和掌握，關(guān)鍵在于感性認(rèn)識(shí)，即實(shí)踐教學(xué)。在純水系統(tǒng)安裝時(shí)，我們讓學(xué)生現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀看，并留有膜組件樣品，讓學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)膜組件的外觀。本系統(tǒng)用的是什么樣結(jié)構(gòu)的膜組件，結(jié)合實(shí)物有立體的認(rèn)識(shí)感受更深。本系統(tǒng)采用的是陶氏化學(xué)膜組件，結(jié)合膜組件實(shí)物，講解材料和型號(hào)的意義。RO中“級(jí)”和“段”的理解很關(guān)鍵，我們從安裝時(shí)結(jié)合膜組件的組合，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演示水流方向，讓學(xué)生自己去總結(jié)“級(jí)”和“段”的意義。對(duì)于為什么前面的段中膜組件數(shù)目多而后面的少，這樣設(shè)計(jì)有何優(yōu)點(diǎn)等問題就相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)化，容易被學(xué)生掌握。 3）RO啟動(dòng)過程與教學(xué)結(jié)合。結(jié)合純水系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行反滲透系統(tǒng)的啟動(dòng)教學(xué)。開展的項(xiàng)目有：保安過濾器的濾芯更換（模擬電廠保安過濾器的反洗及更換濾芯）；啟動(dòng)順序的閥門開啟順序（模擬電廠 RO啟動(dòng)順序及高壓泵操作）；低壓沖洗（模擬電廠 RO低壓沖洗過程）；不同回收率的調(diào)整（模擬RO系統(tǒng)的最佳運(yùn)行狀態(tài)調(diào)試過程）。 在實(shí)際工作中，需要注意的就是高壓泵啟動(dòng)之后，如何調(diào)節(jié)其后的壓力控制閥。應(yīng)該是緩慢加大，結(jié)合RO系統(tǒng)可以讓學(xué)生親自操作，從而加深對(duì)這一操作過程的印象。 4）運(yùn)行維護(hù)與教學(xué)結(jié)合。RO系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)和加藥等問題對(duì)反滲透系統(tǒng)的安全運(yùn)行起著重要的作用，通過學(xué)生對(duì)取樣點(diǎn)指標(biāo)的實(shí)際測(cè)定進(jìn)行判斷是否加藥。 4.系統(tǒng)圖的繪制 根據(jù)火力發(fā)電廠化學(xué)系統(tǒng)圖的規(guī)定，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的實(shí)物畫出具體的補(bǔ)給水流程圖，鍛煉其手工繪圖的能力。 三、結(jié)束語(yǔ) 以上是純水制取系統(tǒng)在“電廠化學(xué)水處理”教學(xué)中應(yīng)用的幾點(diǎn)嘗試，其目的是為了提高水處理教學(xué)的直觀性和易懂性，目前取得的效果較好，但教學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)較為繁瑣同時(shí)設(shè)備的投資過大，仍在摸索中。建議在有條件的情況下，可以制作一些除鹽制水裝置的教學(xué)模型，模擬火力發(fā)電廠化學(xué)補(bǔ)給水系統(tǒng)多種離子交換器的運(yùn)行和操作，對(duì)占傳統(tǒng)地位的離子交換器的教學(xué)具有極大的幫助。 Water treatment papers sewage treatment papers Pure water making system in "power plant chemical water treatment" teaching application Abstract: the "power plant chemical water treatment" course practice-needed, mostly about equipment the principle, structure and operation content, students lack the perceptual knowledge is hard to understand. Based on pure water making system, integrating with treatment for model design teaching some teaching links, can help students grasp the plant water treatment common equipment, the structure and operation will help students understand water treatment equipment operation, the detailed process of water treatment teaching played a positive role in promoting. Keywords: power plant chemical; Water treatment; Pure water system; Teaching design Power plant chemical specialty is Harbin power professional technology institute (hereinafter referred to as "our"  , the traditional professional training to adapt to the national electric power industry to develop professional water treatment talents, and as its professional class "power plant chemical water treatment" teaching is particularly important."Power plant chemical water treatment" is the core of plant chemical professional course of, because this course practice-needed, water purification content speaking, mostly about equipment the principle, structure and operation of content. Because the students lack of site equipment and environment of perceptual knowledge, is hard to understand and control. How to let the students learning process have image, the specific understanding is the urgent need to resolve problems. Our professional introduced ultra-pure water plant chemical preparation system, as a model of water treatment imitation of coal-fired power plants producing process. On the one hand may undertake to the student the theoretical and practical teaching, help students understand water treatment equipment operation detailed process, operation and troubleshooting; On the other hand the system obtained for laboratory use, pure water also reduced the cost of distilled water laboratory purchasing. A, pure water making system profile Our professional USES is plant chemical UPDROMB - a company 500L pure water supply system, produce a water yield for 500 L/h, its main water purification process as shown in figure 1 below. Main outlet index resistivity p, Ω 18M cm (25 ℃); More than 20 mu g/SiO2, accord with boiler water supply requirements L. Second, pure water making system in "power plant chemical water treatment" teaching application 1. Pure water system of raw water quality analysis and teaching, combining simulation analysis of raw water quality power This pure water system USES object of groundwater, use water quality analysis experiment of groundwater index of the tests and simulation analysis of raw water quality on plant is under construction, since laboratory, can carry out regular project see table 1. Specific sampling location for raw water tank, in system add 5 place sampling points on major projects, the tests. Strictly according to GB/T 2005 -- 6903 boiler water and cooling water analysis method general rules and coal-fired power plants the method of water vapor analysis method were determined. 2. Pure water system pretreatment and teaching union (1) pretreatment system selection and teaching union. At present, coal-fired power plants supply water basically is: pretreatment technique and flocculation - clear filtration. Combined with pure water making system, inspire the student to thinking, our pretreatment why such Settings? Can combine with coal-fired power plants the contents of chemical design specification and explain, on the choice of the system, design problem with inspire students learned thinking. For instance this system, aiming at what defect pretreatment of how this defect improvement. Combined with the existing pure water making system of comparing pretreatment technique teaching. This system USES is quartz sand filter and activated carbon filter, according to the characteristics of groundwater is raw, iron, manganese metal ions in the design more less for removing iron filter, this problem lets student to discover and summarized. Students learn after pretreatment system selection requirements, natural easily found the design problem. If without removing fe filter, can also how the? Some students advice, the quartz sand filter transformed into the iron filters, namely except quartz sand filter material change for manganese sand filter material; Some Suggestions in the original flow increases for removing iron filter, such inspire students to reach the goal, but also improves students' ability to analyze and solve problems. (2) in the process of pretreatment main equipment operation and fault handling and teaching union. The operation of equipment and troubleshooting always all is water treatment the emphasis of teaching, to the system as an example, the pretreatment of main equipment is quartz sand filter and activated carbon filter, and these two devices are the most important plant chemical two devices. Combined with the existing quartz sand filter in the following projects: pressure measurement; The flow measurement; The granularity of quartz sand filter material selection and loading, according to screening analysis method choice in 0.35 ~ 3.0 size range of quartz sand filter material as mm, lets student screening and reload; Operation and index supervision. Failure supervision: according to the effluent turbidity and inlet and outlet water pressure difference between two major supervision, combining with laboratory quartz sand filter index, we have developed the water outlet pressure measurement; Through the water and the turbidity water measuring mathematical calculation and comparison, and calculation out turbidity rate. Reverse-wash and positive wash: wash in reverse-wash and is in the process of teaching, the students themselves through the experimental grope for best reverse-wash water and time. Carry out projects in above, require students to make good data records. By the student experiment fumble, let them personally sure quartz sand filter and its operation, the optimum condition of the teaching effect is good. 3. The desalination technology mainly equipment operation and fault handling and teaching union (1) the desalination system selection requirements and teaching union. This system USES the desalination system for RNa - level, RO - level 2, RO - H/OH; According to the characteristics of groundwater hardness big, using a softening device, reverse osmosis desalting as secondary gets mixed bed, polishing, this system as a terminal treatment effluent can be used as a laboratory water. Inspire students to think about why choose such systems, can combine with coal-fired power plant chemical make-up water salt design part about except for teaching, both intuitive perceptual knowledge, and can let students quickly gain coal-fired power plants in addition to salt design some basic requirements and precautions. The desalination system in addition the typical process for: H > C > OH - H/OH, can compare teaching, guides the student to think two processes, so that they can combine differences of pure |
6樓2011-06-07 15:31:57
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