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nature揭示鍛煉通過自噬而有利于人體健康zz 已有18人參與
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Just why exercise is so good for people is, at last, being understood ONE sure giveaway of quack medicine is the claim that a product can treat any ailment. There are, sadly, no panaceas. But some things come close, and exercise is one of them. As doctors never tire of reminding people, exercise protects against a host of illnesses, from heart attacks and dementia to diabetes and infection. 有一種絕對能推銷出去狗皮膏藥的方法就是說它包治百病。遺憾的是靈丹妙藥并不存在。但有些方法卻起到類似的作用，鍛煉就是其中之一。醫(yī)生們一直不厭其煩地提醒人們鍛煉身體有助于防范一系列疾病，包括心臟病、癡呆癥、糖尿病以及感染。 How it does so, however, remains surprisingly mysterious. But a paper just published in Nature by Beth Levine of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre and her colleagues sheds some light on the matter. 但是人們一直不知道為什么。德克薩斯大學(xué)西南醫(yī)學(xué)中心貝絲•萊文（Beth Levine）及其同事最近在《自然》雜志發(fā)表的論文給出了一些解釋。 Dr Levine and her team were testing a theory that exercise works its magic, at least in part, by promoting autophagy. This process, whose name is derived from the Greek for “self-eating”, is a mechanism by which surplus, worn-out or malformed proteins and other cellular components are broken up for scrap and recycled. 萊文博士及其小組證明一個理論的正確性，即鍛煉之所以有神奇的作用，部分原因是它能促進(jìn)自體吞噬。這個名稱來自希臘詞語“自食其肉”，指的是多余的、不能再用的、畸形的蛋白質(zhì)和其他細(xì)胞成分被分解成碎片并再循環(huán)。 To carry out the test, Dr Levine turned to those stalwarts of medical research, genetically modified mice. Her first batch of rodents were tweaked so that their autophagosomes—structures that form around components which have been marked for recycling—glowed green. After these mice had spent half an hour on a treadmill, she found that the number of autophagosomes in their muscles had increased, and it went on increasing until they had been running for 80 minutes. 萊文博士在這個實驗中使用轉(zhuǎn)基因老鼠作為實驗對象，醫(yī)學(xué)研究中經(jīng)常使用轉(zhuǎn)基因老鼠。第一組老鼠被調(diào)整使得其細(xì)胞中的自噬體發(fā)出綠光，這種結(jié)構(gòu)形成的部分被用于再循環(huán)。這些老師被放在跑步機(jī)上半個小時后，萊文博士發(fā)現(xiàn)它們肌肉中的自噬體增加了，直到跑了80分鐘才停止增加。 To find out what, if anything, this exercise-boosted autophagy was doing for mice, the team engineered a second strain that was unable to respond this way. Exercise, in other words, failed to stimulate their recycling mechanism. When this second group of modified mice were tested alongside ordinary ones, they showed less endurance and had less ability to take up sugar from their bloodstreams. 為了找出這種由鍛煉刺激的自噬作用對老鼠有什么作用，研究小組設(shè)計了另一組不能如此反應(yīng)的老鼠。換句話說，鍛煉并沒刺激再循環(huán)機(jī)制。當(dāng)?shù)诙M的轉(zhuǎn)基因老鼠和普通老鼠一起接受實驗時，它們的耐力遜于后者，也不能很好地從血液中吸收糖分。 There were longer-term effects, too. In mice, as in people, regular exercise helps prevent diabetes. But when the team fed their second group of modified mice a diet designed to induce diabetes, they found that exercise gave no protection at all. 還有長期影響。老鼠和人一樣，定期鍛煉有助于預(yù)防糖尿病。但是在研究小組給第二組轉(zhuǎn)基因老鼠喂了一種專門用來誘發(fā)糖尿病的食物后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)鍛煉并沒有任何預(yù)防效果。 Dr Levine and her team reckon their results suggest that manipulating autophagy may offer a new approach to treating diabetes. And their research is also suggestive in other ways. Autophagy is a hot topic in medicine, as biologists have come to realise that it helps protect the body from all kinds of ailments. 萊文博士及其小組認(rèn)為實驗結(jié)果表明受到操縱的自噬作用有可能提供一種新的治療糖尿病的方法。他們的研究在其他方面也有啟示。自噬作用在醫(yī)學(xué)界是個熱門話題，因為生物學(xué)家逐漸意識到它能抵御各種小病。 The virtues of recycling 再循環(huán)的功效 Autophagy is an ancient mechanism, shared by all eukaryotic organisms (those which, unlike bacteria, keep their DNA in a membrane-bound nucleus within their cells). It probably arose as an adaptation to scarcity of nutrients. Critters that can recycle parts of themselves for fuel are better able to cope with lean times than those that cannot. But over the past couple of decades, autophagy has also been shown to be involved in things as diverse as fighting bacterial infections and slowing the onset of neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases. 自體吞噬機(jī)制很古老，所有真核生物（指的是與細(xì)菌不同，在細(xì)胞里有細(xì)胞膜包圍的細(xì)胞核里儲存DNA的生物）都有。它的產(chǎn)生可能是為了適應(yīng)營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的缺乏的環(huán)境。有些家畜能循環(huán)利用它們身體的一部分作為養(yǎng)料，這樣的動物比其他的動物在食物匱乏期更容易生存。但是在過去幾十年里，自體吞噬在其他很多地方也有所體現(xiàn)，比如對抗細(xì)菌感染、放緩老年癡呆癥和亨丁頓舞蹈癥等神經(jīng)癥狀的發(fā)病。 Most intriguingly of all, it seems that it can slow the process of ageing. Biologists have known for decades that feeding animals near-starvation diets can boost their lifespans dramatically. Dr Levine was a member of the team which showed that an increased level of autophagy, brought on by the stress of living in a constant state of near-starvation, was the mechanism responsible for this life extension. 最有趣的是，看起來它還延緩了老化過程。生物學(xué)家?guī)资陙矶贾涝趧游锉３纸咏囸I的狀態(tài)下喂食能大幅度提高它們的壽命。萊文博士曾經(jīng)工作的一個小組證明在長期接近饑餓的狀態(tài)下生存的壓力引起了自體吞噬水平的提高，這種原理使得壽命延長。 The theory is that what are being disposed of in particular are worn-out mitochondria. These structures are a cell’s power-packs. They are where glucose and oxygen react together to release energy. Such reactions, though, often create damaging oxygen-rich molecules called free radicals, which are thought to be one of the driving forces of ageing. Getting rid of wonky mitochondria would reduce free-radical production and might thus slow down ageing. 被處理掉的其實是衰弱的線粒體。這種結(jié)構(gòu)給細(xì)胞提供能量。在線粒體里，葡萄糖和氧氣共同作用釋放能量。不過這種反應(yīng)卻常常制造出有害的富氧分子，即自由基，它是促成老化的原因之一。除掉沒用的線粒體可以減少自由基的生成，這樣就可能減緩老化過程。 A few anti-ageing zealots already subsist on near-starvation diets, but Dr Levine’s results suggest a similar effect might be gained in a much more agreeable way, via vigorous exercise. The team’s next step is to test whether boosted autophagy can indeed explain the life-extending effects of exercise. That will take a while. Even in animals as short-lived as mice, she points out, studying ageing is a long-winded process. But she is sufficiently confident about the outcome that she has, in the meantime, bought herself a treadmill. 一些反老化的狂熱分子已經(jīng)開始靠保持饑餓狀態(tài)的飲食為生了，但是萊文博士的實驗結(jié)果表示通過積極鍛煉身體這樣一種更隨和的方式也能得到類似的效果。該小組下一步將測試被激發(fā)的自體吞噬是否真的能解釋鍛煉有助于長壽。這尚需時間方能出結(jié)果。她指出即使研究像老鼠這樣壽命很短的動物也是長期曲折的過程。但是她對結(jié)果非常自信，于此同時還給自己也買了一個跑步機(jī)。 |
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