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[求助]
晶核長(zhǎng)大成大顆粒 大顆粒后又變成小顆粒 生長(zhǎng)機(jī)理
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| 生長(zhǎng)材料過(guò)程中,晶核慢慢長(zhǎng)大,由小顆粒變成大顆粒,隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),大顆粒又變成小尺寸的顆粒,而且都是晶態(tài)的,哪位蟲(chóng)友遇到過(guò)類(lèi)似情況知道其中的生長(zhǎng)機(jī)理,望賜教!不勝感激! |
鐵電材料 |
木蟲(chóng) (正式寫(xiě)手)
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Ostwald ripening是一種材料生長(zhǎng)的機(jī)理,簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)說(shuō)就是材料從分子階段開(kāi)始,首先形成一定尺寸的晶核,然后所有的分子都依附于晶核生長(zhǎng),這個(gè)階段不會(huì)再形成新的晶核了,只是晶核生長(zhǎng)的越來(lái)越大, 形成單晶結(jié)構(gòu)的方式有幾種,Ostwald ripening是最經(jīng)典的一種,“從液態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣虘B(tài)的過(guò)程首先要成核,然后生長(zhǎng),這個(gè)過(guò)程叫晶粒的成核長(zhǎng)大。晶粒內(nèi)分子、原子都是有規(guī)則地排列的,所以一個(gè)晶粒就是單晶”。同時(shí)最近幾年,Banfiled又提出了一種新的晶體生長(zhǎng)機(jī)制也能形成單晶結(jié)構(gòu),oriented attachment, 多個(gè)取向不一致的單晶納米顆,通過(guò)粒子的旋轉(zhuǎn),使得晶格取向一致,向后通過(guò)定向附著生長(zhǎng)(oreinted attachment)使這些小單晶生長(zhǎng)成為一個(gè)大單晶,當(dāng)然定向附著的過(guò)程出難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些位錯(cuò)和缺陷,這種生長(zhǎng)機(jī)理形成的單晶的特點(diǎn)同Ostwald ripening不同,OR形成的單晶大多是規(guī)則的,給材料本身晶體結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān),而OA形成的單晶結(jié)構(gòu)在形貌上則沒(méi)有限制,任何形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)的單晶材料都能通過(guò)此機(jī)理形成。還有,Alivisatos最近報(bào)道的Kirkendall Effect 也能形成單晶結(jié)構(gòu),在其論文中報(bào)道了通過(guò)這種機(jī)理形成的直徑只有幾十個(gè)納米的單晶空心球,這種結(jié)構(gòu)以傳統(tǒng)的Ostwald ripening來(lái)看貌似是不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的,但通過(guò)別的生長(zhǎng)機(jī)理就能成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。 Ostwald發(fā)生的過(guò)程包括小于一個(gè)臨界尺寸的粒子的溶解,然后質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)移到大于這個(gè)臨界尺寸的粒子上. Ostwald過(guò)程不同于dissolution-recrystallization過(guò)程,因?yàn)樗鼜?qiáng)調(diào)的是小粒子的溶解,大粒子依靠攝取小粒子的質(zhì)量進(jìn)行生長(zhǎng).Ostwald 過(guò)程發(fā)生的驅(qū)動(dòng)力是粒子相總表面積的降低產(chǎn)生的總界面自由能的降低. Ostwald ripening is an observed phenomenon in solid solutions or liquid sols which describes the change of an inhomogeneous structure over time. In other words, over time, small crystals or sol particles dissolve, and redeposit onto larger crystals or sol particles. Dissolution of small crystals or sol particles and the redeposition of the dissolved species on the surfaces of larger crystals or sol particles was first described by Wilhelm Ostwald in 1896. Ostwald ripening is generally found in water-in-oil emulsions, while flocculation is found in oil-in-water emulsions . This thermodynamically-driven spontaneous process occurs because larger particles are more energetically favored than smaller particles. This stems from the fact that molecules on the surface of a particle are energetically less stable than the ones in the interior. Consider a cubic crystal of atoms: all the atoms inside are bonded to 6 neighbors and are quite stable, but atoms on the surface are only bonded to 5 neighbors or less, which makes these surface atoms less stable. Large particles are more energetically favorable since, continuing with our example, more atoms are bonded to 6 neighbors and fewer atoms are at the unfavorable surface. As the system tries to lower its overall energy, molecules on the surface of a small particle (energetically unfavorable, with only 3 or 4 or 5 bonded neighbors) will tend to detach from the particle, as per the Kelvin equation, and diffuse into the solution. When all small particles do this, it increases the concentration of free atoms in solution. When the free atoms in solution are supersaturated, the free atoms have a tendency to condense on the surface of larger particles. Therefore, all smaller particles shrink, while larger particles grow, and overall the average size will increase. After an infinite amount of time, the entire population of particles will have become one, huge, spherical particle to minimize the total surface area |

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