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托福口語考題解析 已有1人參與
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借此機(jī)會(huì)我想利用2012年3月10日，3月4日和2月24日的三次托福考試來分析一下新一年托福獨(dú)立任務(wù)的出題特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)方略。首先，獨(dú)立任務(wù)對(duì)于考生來講往往是最緊張的任務(wù)。它們的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間最短，而且作為第一和第二道考題，考生對(duì)口語考試節(jié)奏的適應(yīng)時(shí)間很短同時(shí)又要在高壓下進(jìn)行做答，這對(duì)考生的語言壓力是很大的。一般對(duì)于獨(dú)立任務(wù)考生存在兩個(gè)困難。困難一，沒有思路，答案無從說起。困難二，能想到如何答，但腦中的答案是中文的，而且不知道如何用英語進(jìn)行表達(dá)。對(duì)于備考時(shí)間不足兩個(gè)月的考生來講最快的應(yīng)對(duì)以上兩個(gè)問題的方法就是通過尋找題目的共性，編織一些具有普適性的邏輯，對(duì)這些理由的意思做出相應(yīng)的英文表達(dá)，之后熟記這些表達(dá)的模板。 從這三次的考題我們可以看出，以學(xué)生為中心的任務(wù)仍然構(gòu)成了獨(dú)立任務(wù)的主體。這是毋庸置疑的，因?yàn)橥懈？荚嚤旧砭褪轻槍?duì)即將前往北美進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生進(jìn)行的考試，所以考試的內(nèi)容與學(xué)生和校園生活息息相關(guān)。由此我們可以說只要考生能夠熟練表達(dá)幾個(gè)適用于學(xué)生的普適邏輯，那么就可以游刃有余地對(duì)獨(dú)立任務(wù)進(jìn)行回答。那么如何找出適用于托�？谡Z的普適邏輯呢？首先，我們要先探究一下學(xué)生所具有的一些共同特性。學(xué)生就是以學(xué)為生的一幫人。那么學(xué)生的主要任務(wù)是學(xué)習(xí)，這是學(xué)生的一大特點(diǎn)。把這一條概括成一個(gè)理由的形式，我們就可以把它表達(dá)為“學(xué)生需要學(xué)習(xí)”“Students should focus on their studies.”或是“For a student, his most important task is to study.”發(fā)散出去我們還可以說“As a student, so and so should spend more time studying.”那么這個(gè)原因在問到關(guān)于學(xué)生，特別是關(guān)于學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)，以及學(xué)習(xí)和課外活動(dòng)發(fā)生沖突的時(shí)候我們總可以用到這個(gè)理由。 那么在具體回答問題時(shí)我們肯定不可能一直不停地只對(duì)“studying/study/studies”進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，因?yàn)轭}目會(huì)要求我們舉出一些關(guān)于study 的具體例子。那么我們就來想一想，什么樣的活動(dòng)是具有代表性的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)，而且又比較具有普適性呢？比如，go to the library/spend time in the library/spend time doing research in the library或“participate in class discussion”，“drop by professor’s office hours”都是關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)的一些具體例子。 那么比如2012年3月10日 的托�？谡Z試題中Q1: “A friend of yours wants to improve her grade in class. What suggestions will you give her? ”這道題問的是關(guān)于學(xué)生，且關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)，那么我們就可以給出這個(gè)關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)的普適邏輯。“I would tell my friend to spend more time studying. On one hand, I think she should do more research in the library, because research can help make her paper more solid and persuasive. On the other hand, she should also participate more in class discussion, since talking with different people on an academic topic can help her understand the topic on a higher level. ”或者“I think the most effective way for her to improve her grade is talking to her professors. I would recommend her to drop by her professors’ office hours and talk with them about her problems in learning. Since professors are the people grading her tests and papers, they are able to offer her the best suggestions.” 同理，如果遇到內(nèi)容自定性比較大的文章，比如 2012年2月24日托�？谡Z試題的 Q1：“What kind of activity do you enjoy doing most at school? Explain why you enjoy doing this activity.”由于題目答案的可塑性很強(qiáng)，答案的回答方向很廣，我們也可以把它轉(zhuǎn)向我們想要的答案方向，也就是我們擅長的答題方向。比如，如果我準(zhǔn)備了關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)的模版式表達(dá)，或模版式答案，那么我們就可以答“There’s nothing I enjoy more in school than studying.”之后舉出具體的怎么樣學(xué)習(xí)的具體例子，比如上課討論，和教授交流或者去圖書館學(xué)習(xí)等一系列的例子——“My favorite thing to do on a Saturday morning is to get up before everybody else does and go to the library to read books or do research for my papers. I feel that I have the whole library to myself, and I love that.” 值得指出的是，即使一些表面看起來和學(xué)生沒有直接關(guān)系的題目往往同樣可以根據(jù)學(xué)生的普適邏輯進(jìn)行思考和回答。以2012年2月24日托�？谡Z部分的Q2為例：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Artists (painters, musicians, etc.) are born and not taught.”乍一看我們覺得這個(gè)問題是關(guān)于藝術(shù)但仔細(xì)審題后發(fā)現(xiàn)，這道題并沒有問到絲毫關(guān)于藝術(shù)流派的問題，而是問的藝術(shù)家的產(chǎn)生。那么這個(gè)產(chǎn)生的過程就可以看成是一個(gè)學(xué)生進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)的過程。同時(shí)我們也注意到題目中有一個(gè)很關(guān)鍵的詞“taught”，讓我們可以更確定地認(rèn)為這道題可以運(yùn)用關(guān)于學(xué)生的普適邏輯進(jìn)行解答。我們之前強(qiáng)調(diào)過的學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)——“students should focus on their studies / students should study hard”變換一個(gè)角度就是“working hard makes good students”于是這道題我們也可以把藝術(shù)看成一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的過程把搞藝術(shù)的人看成學(xué)生，把成功的藝術(shù)家看成好學(xué)生，于是——“I disagree with the statement. I think artists are definitely taught. All the great artists in history are great students who studied their asses-off along their way to pursue perfection. Like Van Gogh, even after he went insane, he still painted over ten hours everyday. If he didn’t spent so much time, studied so hard the art of painting, he would have never become the man that changed the history of art. ” 通過以上這幾道題我們看到關(guān)于“學(xué)生愛學(xué)習(xí)”，“學(xué)生應(yīng)該好好學(xué)習(xí)”，“好好學(xué)習(xí)造就好的學(xué)生”這個(gè)邏輯可以幫我們解決和學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)，藝術(shù)水平增長等有關(guān)的一系列話題。當(dāng)然北美的校園對(duì)課余生活的強(qiáng)調(diào)與對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)是同等重要的。所以，除了學(xué)習(xí)以外我們還可以發(fā)散想到“students should do extra-curriculum activities”這樣的思路。當(dāng)然做過一定數(shù)量的托�？谡Z題后我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，過于籠統(tǒng)的東西往往不如實(shí)在的東西好描述。就好像如果讓我描述“Chinese culture”，我大概只能說出“Chinese culture is so great and awesome and so cool at the same time, I just love it cause it’s so perfect.”這種沒有營養(yǎng)的句子。這種答案之所以含金量低是因?yàn)槟汶y以從這個(gè)巨大的概念“Chinese culture”出發(fā)講出具有實(shí)質(zhì)性的例子。就好像如果讓我去畫“Chinese culture”，我是畫不出來的，因?yàn)樗鼪]有顏色，沒有形狀也沒有背景。語言的描繪往往和圖像的描繪是相輔相成的。如果一個(gè)事物很難用圖像去把它具象化，那么一般來講它也很難用語言去具象化。 然而如果讓我描述一輛自行車，我就可以描述的很具象，可說的很多“well, it’s a bicycle and it’s pink, so obviously it’s for girls. Also, it seems to be a tad smaller than standardized bicycles you see on the street everyday, so apparently it’s for kids. It looks like it’s pretty sturdy and it’s made in China. My dad taught me how to ride a bicycle right on this pink, pretty and most importantly, sturdy bicycle, since I fell on the ground multiple times, yet the bike didn’t suffer one scratch. I remember it was a beautiful Sunday morning; I was six at that time. ..”所以由此得出，說抽象的東西不如說具體的東西。所以與其說“我喜歡學(xué)校里的課余活動(dòng)”就不如說具體的一種或一類校園活動(dòng)。那么最好想也最好說的校園活動(dòng)莫過于體育運(yùn)動(dòng)類了——“students should exercise”，因?yàn)橹髮W(xué)生可以根據(jù)個(gè)人的興趣愛好或詞匯量的不同來具體描述自己擅長的體育項(xiàng)目，比如“basketball”，“yoga”，“tap dance”等等。那么做體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的原因或者好處——保持身體健康——“students should exercise to stay healthy / to keep fit / to stay in shape.” 用關(guān)于鍛煉的這一理由來看2012年3月10日托�？谡Z的Q2. “Some people play games for fun while other people play games for winning. Which do you prefer?”我們也可以套用鍛煉身體強(qiáng)健體魄的思路。輸贏是不重要的，比賽的真正意義在于鍛煉。只要達(dá)到了鍛煉的目的，那么最重要的目標(biāo)就達(dá)到了，無所謂誰贏誰輸——“I definitely play games for fun. Personally I prefer to enjoy the game itself rather than get trapped in who is gonna win. For example, when I play basketball with my buddies, I don’t care who’s winning in the game. All I care about is the fact that I like playing basketball out in the field and that it’s good exercise to keep me in shape,” 同理，發(fā)散出去，體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可以使學(xué)生健康，那么其他任何可以使學(xué)生健康的方式都應(yīng)該被倡導(dǎo)——“It’s important for students to keep healthy / keep in shape / keep fit”。所以3/4中Q1“The University decides to set a cooking module for students to let them have better understanding of nutrients and health. Do you think it is a reasonable decision or not?” 我們就有思路了。健康對(duì)于學(xué)生是很重要的，所以如果學(xué)校要開一門能夠指導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何健康飲食和健康做飯的課，那么對(duì)保證學(xué)生的身體健康能起到積極的作用——：“yes, I definitely think that It’s a great idea, since being healthy is very important for students. Eating healthily as well as engaging in a fair amount of physical exercises is the key to being healthy. However, as students, we are usually so focused on our studies that we don’t have time to research or practice on how to cook a nutritious meal. Thus I feel that if the school takes on the responsibility to show students how to cook, it would be an effective way to make students healthier.” 依據(jù)這種思路我們還可以推出一些關(guān)于學(xué)生的普適邏輯，比如學(xué)生需要交流和交友。那么用這個(gè)思路我們就可以很輕松想出應(yīng)對(duì)2012年3月4日托福口語中Q2“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children can learn better from teachers who are kind (amiable) and friendly.”的思路了。因?yàn)閷W(xué)生需要交友，年輕的小朋友更需要友誼的滋養(yǎng)，所以善良友好的教師必定會(huì)讓學(xué)生有愉悅的心情，那么小朋友們就更容易和老師成為朋友。而往往人們更愿意聽朋友的話，信任朋友，所以成為朋友后小朋友們能學(xué)到更多。——“I definitely do agree that children learn better from friendly teachers. Teachers who are sweet and friendly are much more likely to become friends with kids than those who are scary and mean. As students, we are much more likely to listen to our friends than our superiors. So if teacher can cross the boundary and become a friend instead of just a superior, it is more likely that students will listen to him or her and focus more on their studies, and of course, definitely learn more.” 這樣，運(yùn)用我們剛剛提到的普適邏輯，我們就可以用相類似的思路和表達(dá)來解決一大類的和學(xué)生，學(xué)習(xí)等話題有關(guān)聯(lián)的問題。那么不斷地重復(fù)我們已知的表達(dá)，我們也可以不斷地完善我們的詞匯和語句，更好地做到減少甚至杜絕語法錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生，加大準(zhǔn)備的命中率和回報(bào)率。 [ Last edited by flyingskynk on 2012-7-12 at 19:56 ] |
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