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duanhua2004木蟲 (正式寫手)
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[求助]
[作物栽培學(xué)]水稻方向段落翻譯修改，金幣不夠再加，接受私人有償翻譯
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是自己已發(fā)表的中文文章，雜志社要求再寫一篇相應(yīng)的英文，自己英語水平不行，只好求助蟲友修改潤色，金幣不夠再加，謝謝了！ 4 深入開展高溫對(duì)水稻影響的建議 4 Suggestions for further research on the impact of high temperature on rice 4.1高溫脅迫下水稻根系形態(tài)與生理 4.1 The rice root morphology and physiology under the high-temperature stress 植物根系既是水分和養(yǎng)分吸收的主要器官，又是多種激素、有機(jī)酸和氨基酸合成的重要場(chǎng)所，其形態(tài)和生理特性與地上部的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)形成均有密切的關(guān)系，由于高溫對(duì)作物的影響首先是表現(xiàn)在地上部，因此目前國內(nèi)外對(duì)于高溫脅迫研究大部分集中于作物地上部(葉片和籽粒)，作為作物最重要的組成部分－根系，必然也會(huì)對(duì)高溫脅迫作出響應(yīng)，但把作物地下部根系形態(tài)生理與地上部作為一個(gè)整體研究甚少，加強(qiáng)高溫對(duì)作物根系形態(tài)生理的研究，并與地上部相聯(lián)系，提高作物整體的耐熱性，是今后需要解決的重要科學(xué)問題。 Roots are an integral part of plant organs and involved in acquisition of nutrients and water, synthesis of plant hormones, organic acids and amino acids, and anchorage of plants. Root morphology and physiology are closely related with the growth and development of aboveground plants, yield and quality. For the impact of high temperature are initially reflected on the aboveground plants, most of the relative research at home and abroad focused on the crop aboveground (leaves and grain). As one of the most important parts of the crop, root naturally will respond to the high temperature stress, however, there are rare studies take the root morphological and physiological traits and the aboveground growth as a whole. Strengthening the study of impact of the high temperature on the crop root physiology and morphology, associating the aboveground, and enhancing the heat resistance of the crop are the important scientific problems witch need to be addressed in the future. 4.2高溫影響水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量形成的分子機(jī)理 目前，關(guān)于高溫影響水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、產(chǎn)量形成方面已積累了大量的研究，但以往的研究主要集中在作物形態(tài)、生理等方面，從分子水平上闡明高溫對(duì)水稻影響的報(bào)道較少。蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)研究是近年來發(fā)展起來的一種技術(shù)，在蛋白質(zhì)水平上研究高溫脅迫下水稻基因的表達(dá)調(diào)控機(jī)制，可以更直接地找出與高溫脅迫相關(guān)的基因群，揭示水稻的高溫傷害和耐性機(jī)制。高溫對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量形成的傷害分子機(jī)理是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程，目前有關(guān)植物對(duì)高溫響應(yīng)的蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)研究只是為深入研究作物對(duì)高溫響應(yīng)的分子機(jī)理提供了初步的基礎(chǔ)。今后應(yīng)從分子水平上探索水稻對(duì)高溫響應(yīng)及其適應(yīng)性的內(nèi)在機(jī)理，并通過基因工程等方法培育出高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)耐高溫品種。 4.2 The molecular mechanism of impact of high temperature on rice growth and yield formation At present, lots of studies on the impact of high temperature on rice growth and yield formation have been done, which focused mainly on the crop morphology and physiology, while few reports are at the molecular level. Proteomics research is a new technology developed in recent years, it can find gene cluster related to heat stress directly by researching the expression and regulation mechanism of rice gene under high-temperature at protein level, then the mechanism of the heat stress and thermo-resistant of rice can be revealed. The damage mechanism on rice growth and yield of high temperature is a complex process. Current proteomics research on the response of plants to heat stress preliminarily provides a basis for the further research on the molecular mechanisms of crop response to high temperature. In future studies, we should explore the mechanism of rice response and flexibility to high temperature at protein level and develop cultivar with heat-resistance and high yield by genetic engineering. 4.3高溫與干旱對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的交互影響 由溫室效應(yīng)而導(dǎo)致的陸地表面溫度的升高會(huì)影響全球和區(qū)域的降水格局。降水格局的改變與全球變化的其他方面相互作用很可能會(huì)影響到作物的生長(zhǎng)。降水的增加或減少可能會(huì)改變土壤的蒸發(fā)、冠層的蒸騰和土壤水分含量，這些因素反過來又會(huì)對(duì)作物的功能以及水分的收支產(chǎn)生影響。近年來，高溫與干旱同時(shí)發(fā)生的頻率增加，加重了高溫或干旱對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)形成的危害。同時(shí)，由于溫室效應(yīng)，夜間的溫度明顯增加。Peng等[101]觀察到，在菲律賓國際水稻研究所，自1979年至2003年白天的最高溫度和夜間的最低溫度分別增加了0.35℃和1.13℃；產(chǎn)量的降低與夜間溫度的升高密切相關(guān)，而與白天的最高溫度相關(guān)不顯著。說明溫室效應(yīng)增加了干旱的發(fā)生和夜間溫度的升高。但目前的研究多集中在高溫或干旱單因子對(duì)水稻的影響，對(duì)于高溫和干旱的雙重效應(yīng)研究很少。今后需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)高溫與干旱的復(fù)合脅迫效應(yīng)以及夜間溫度升高影響水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的生理生化和分子機(jī)理研究。 4.3 The interaction of high temperature and drought on the rice growth and development The increasing of ground temperature which was caused by greenhouse effect will influence the global and regional precipitation scenario. The interaction of precipitation scenario and other global changes may affect the growth of crops. The precipitation change may change the soil evaporation, the transpiration of the canopy and the soil moisture content, all of which will influence the growth of crop and its moisture budget. In recent years, heat occurred frequently with drought, and their interaction affect grain yield and quality more seriously. Simultaneously, influenced by the greenhouse effect, temperature rises obviously at night. At the International Rice Research Institute, the highest and lowest temperatures by day or night increased 0.35℃ and 1.13℃ respectively from 1979 to 2003 (Peng et al). Decrease of the grain yield is closely related to the increase of night temperature but not with the highest daytime temperature. The results show that the greenhouse effect increase tendency of drought and the night temperature. However, Present researches mainly focus on the impact of high temperature or drought, while few studies on the double impacts of them. In the future research, studies on the composite effect of heat and temperature and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the impact on rice with the increasing night temperature should be strengthened. 4.4高溫影響水稻體內(nèi)生理代謝整體認(rèn)識(shí) 目前，雖然高溫脅迫對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響及其生理生化機(jī)理已有較多的研究。但要充分認(rèn)識(shí)其機(jī)理還要作大量艱苦的工作。水稻對(duì)高溫脅迫的響應(yīng)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、但又是有序的生理生化過程，這一過程既是激素調(diào)控和基因表達(dá)的過程，也是酶參與代謝的過程；以往對(duì)水稻高溫脅迫的研究，或側(cè)重于某個(gè)激素、某個(gè)酶的變化，或側(cè)重于水分或養(yǎng)分或環(huán)境條件影響，而缺乏高溫影響水稻體內(nèi)生理代謝的整體認(rèn)識(shí)。今后應(yīng)加強(qiáng)從遺傳、環(huán)境(含栽培)、器官或組織以及植株整體水平等不同層次上深入研究水稻高溫脅迫的機(jī)理及其調(diào)控途徑，為水稻高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)與抗逆栽培提供理論依據(jù)。 4.4 The whole understanding of high temperature affecting the rice physiological metabolism At present, there are many studies on the high temperature stress impact on rice growth and development, grain yield and quality and its physiological and biochemical mechanism, but a lot of hard work need to be done to understand its mechanism. Rice response to heat stress is a complex but orderly physiological and biochemical process, witch is not only a hormonal regulation and gene expression process, but enzymes involving in the metabolic process; previous research on rice under the high temperature stress mainly focused on the change of a hormone or an enzyme, or focused on the impact of the water, nutrients or environmental conditions, but lack of overall understanding of the high temperature effect on the rice physiological metabolism. In the future research, it should be strengthened in aspect of heredity, environment, organs or tissues as well as plants to lucubrate the high temperature stress mechanism and regulatory pathways and provide a theoretical basis for the high yield, good quality and resilience cultivation. [ Last edited by duanhua2004 on 2012-8-18 at 14:45 ] |
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