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Here we present a novel method for measuring KIEs for magnetically active heavy-atom isotopes (e.g., 15N, 13C), which is based on the isotopic change of the signal shape observed in the 1H NMR spectra. In this method we use a combination of a compound at natural abundance and its heavy-atom isotopologue, labeled with 13C at a position for which the isotopic fractionation is measured. The resonance split of the protons coupled with the heavy atom in the 1Hspectrum compared to the unlabeled compound allows for direct measurement of the ratio of concentrations of the two isotopologues (isotopic ratio, R). As an example of this, we have chosen the 13C-KIE for the hydroamination of styrene with aniline, catalyzed by phosphine-ligated palladium triflates (Scheme 1), which has been shown to exhibit a substantial 13C-KIE at the benzylic carbon.7 In the proposed methodology, we have used a combination of two isotopologues, styrene of natural abundance and (α-13C)- styrene, in order to obtain the 13C/12C ratio from 1H NMR signals of benzylic hydrogen of the unreacted substrate. One of these signals in the unlabeled isotopologue is a doublet of doublets at 6.685 ppm, while it is additionally split with a coupling constant of 153.3 Hz in the 13C-labeled reactant, as illustrated in Figure 1. The obtained value of 13C-KIE, 1.036, is in excellent agreement with the value of 1.037 determined theoretically and is slightly higher than 1.030 ( 0.003 (95% confidence level) determined experimentally.7 The difference between the two experimental KIE values may be due to the better sensitivity of the method proposed herein or a small secondary isotope effect of the reference carbon atom. This latter case would indicate that the model in which aniline is truncated to ammonia does not yield correct results. In order to find out if the theoretical model is in fact the source of the discrepancy between theoretically predicted and experimentally observed KIE, we have performed theoretical calculations extending the model to include the whole aniline molecule. Three transition states, 1ac, illustrated in Figure 2 (detailed geometries, energies, and frequencies are given in the Supporting Information), have been found differing in the C6C9N12C30 dihedral angle (atom numbering and values of the torsional angle given in Figure 2). The most stable structure 1a, given on the left, is more stable by 0.9 and 1.6 kcal/ mol than structures shown in the center (1b) and on the right (1c) of Figure 2, respectively. The obtained 13C-KIEs for α and para positions are 1.0372 and 1.0007, respectively, in agreement with the results reported previously by Singleton. Thus, it seems that the method presented herein yields results slightly more accurate that those based on 13C NMR. In conclusion, we present a new NMR approach to measurements of heavy-atom isotope effects that takes advantage of the high sensitivity of 1H NMR spectra. It should be noted, however, that it can be applied only in the advantageous cases when the proton signal of interest is not overlapping with any other signals, a much less frequent case than in 13C NMR spectra, although there is some flexibility here; only one satellite signal may be used for kinetic studies if the other one overlaps with other peaks. In such fortunate cases it can be applied to both chemical as well as enzymatic reactions; we are currently working on the application of this method to the studies of binding isotope effects on binding inhibitors to lactic dehydrogenases that should allow us to distinguish isoforms of the enzyme.8 On the other hand, measurements of 15N KIEs using this method would be challenging in systems that have exchangeable NH protons in the reactant and product. |

木蟲 (著名寫手)
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在這里,我們提出了一種新的方法測量凱斯 磁活性的重原子同位素(例如,15N,13C),這是 的基礎(chǔ)上的同位素中觀察到的信號(hào)形狀的變化 1 H NMR譜。在該方法中,我們使用的組合的 復(fù)合自然豐度和重原子isotopologue, 13C的位置處的同位素標(biāo)記的 分餾測定。質(zhì)子的共振分裂 耦合相比,與在1Hspectrum重原子 未標(biāo)記的化合物的比例允許直接測量 濃度兩個(gè)isotopologues(同位素比率,R)。如 這樣的一個(gè)例子,我們已選擇的13C-KIE為hydroamination苯乙烯與苯胺,催化的膦 - 結(jié)扎 鈀三氟甲磺酸酯(方案1),這已被證明表現(xiàn)出 大量13C-KIE在芐基carbon.7 在建議的方法中,我們已經(jīng)使用了組合 isotopologues的自然豐度(α-13C),苯乙烯 - 苯乙烯,為了得到比從1 H NMR 13C/12C 的未反應(yīng)的基質(zhì)的芐基氫的信號(hào)。其中一個(gè) 在未標(biāo)記的isotopologue這些信號(hào)是一個(gè)雙重 雙峰在6.685 ppm的,而它是另外分裂與 耦合常數(shù)為153.3赫茲,在13C標(biāo)記的反應(yīng), 圖1中示出。 13C-KIE,1.036,得到的值是在良好的協(xié)議 與1.037值理論上確定,是 稍微高于1.030(0.003(95%置信水平) 確定experimentally.7兩者之間的差別 實(shí)驗(yàn)KIE值可能是由于更高的靈敏度 本文所提出的方法或小型二次同位素效應(yīng) 的參考碳原子。這后者的情況下,將表明 模型,在該模型中,苯胺截?cái)酁榘辈?br /> 產(chǎn)生正確的結(jié)果。為了找出的理論模型 事實(shí)上的源之間的差異理論上預(yù)測 與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果KIE,我們已經(jīng)完成 延伸的理論計(jì)算的模型,以包括整個(gè) 苯胺分子。三個(gè)過渡態(tài),C,1A?所示 圖2(詳細(xì)的幾何,能量和頻率的 的證明資料),已發(fā)現(xiàn)不同 的C6 C9 N12?C30二面角(原子編號(hào)和 的扭轉(zhuǎn)角的值在圖2中給出)。最穩(wěn)定的 結(jié)構(gòu)1a,左側(cè)上給出的,更穩(wěn)定的0.9和1.6千卡/ 摩爾比在中心(1b)中所示的結(jié)構(gòu),并在右側(cè) (1c)的圖2中,分別。將得到的13C-Kies的α和 對(duì)位分別為1.0372和1.0007,分別達(dá)成的協(xié)議, 與以前報(bào)道的結(jié)果辛格爾頓。因此,似乎 本文提出的方法的收益率業(yè)績略 準(zhǔn)確,13C NMR的基礎(chǔ)上。 總之,我們提出了一種新的NMR方法測量 重原子的同位素效應(yīng),充分利用了 高靈敏度的1H NMR譜。然而,應(yīng)當(dāng)指出, 它可以在有利的情況下,只適用于當(dāng) 感興趣的質(zhì)子信號(hào)與任何其他的信號(hào)不重疊, 一個(gè)更頻繁的情況下比在13 C NMR光譜中,雖然 有一定的靈活性,在這里,可以使用只有一個(gè)衛(wèi)星信號(hào) 動(dòng)力學(xué)研究,如果其他人與其他峰重疊。在 例如幸運(yùn)的情況下,它可以應(yīng)用到兩個(gè)化學(xué)以及 酶促反應(yīng),我們目前正在上的應(yīng)用 這種方法有約束力的具有約束力的同位素效應(yīng)的研究 乳酸脫氫酶抑制劑,應(yīng)該讓我們 另一方面,測量區(qū)分亞型的enzyme.8 為15N凱斯,使用這種方法將是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的 在系統(tǒng)具有可交換Ň·H反應(yīng)物中的質(zhì)子 和產(chǎn)品。 |

金蟲 (正式寫手)
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我們?cè)诖颂岢鲆环N全新的方法,基于1H NMR譜中觀測到同位素的信號(hào)形狀變化,來測定磁活性重原子同位素(如15N,13C)的KIEs。在這種方法中,我們使用了一種自然豐度的化合物與其重原子同位素異數(shù)體的混合物,以13C在同位素分餾測量的位點(diǎn)上進(jìn)行標(biāo)記。在1H譜中,質(zhì)子與重原子耦合的共振裂分與未標(biāo)記的化合物進(jìn)行對(duì)比,即可直接測定出這兩種同位素異數(shù)體的濃度比(同位素比,R)。舉例:我們選擇13C-KIE標(biāo)記苯乙烯與苯胺的氫胺化反應(yīng),以膦連接鈀三氟甲磺酸酯為催化劑(Scheme 1),可見13C-KIE取代于芐基碳上。 在此方法中,我們選用了一對(duì)異數(shù)體的混合物:自然豐度的苯乙烯和(α-13C)取代的苯乙烯,以通過1H NMR譜中未反應(yīng)底物芐基氫的信號(hào)得到13C/12C的比值。未標(biāo)記異數(shù)體的信號(hào)之一是6.685 ppm多組二重峰中的一組,在13C標(biāo)記試劑中的偶合常數(shù)為153.3 Hz,如圖一所示。 13C-KIE的值為1.036,與理論估測值1.037非常符合,稍高于實(shí)驗(yàn)測定的1.030(0.003(95%置信區(qū)間)。兩次實(shí)驗(yàn)KIE值的區(qū)別可能是由于本方法具有更高的靈敏性,或者是由于參照碳原子的二級(jí)同位素效益所致。后一種情況則顯示苯胺生成氨的反應(yīng)模型的結(jié)果有誤。為了解理論模型是否真的導(dǎo)致了理論預(yù)測值與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的KIE差異,我們進(jìn)行了理論計(jì)算,將模型外延以包括整個(gè)苯胺分子。圖2中顯示,三個(gè)過渡態(tài)(附注中有詳細(xì)的幾何構(gòu)造、能量和頻率信息)的區(qū)別主要存在于C6C9N12C30的二面角(見圖2的原子編號(hào)及扭轉(zhuǎn)角度)。圖2中,左邊1a的結(jié)構(gòu)最為穩(wěn)定,比中間(1b)的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性高0.9kcal/mol,比右邊(1c)的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性高1.6kcal/mol。 α 與對(duì)位的13C-KIE值分別為1.0372和1.0007,符合之前Singleton報(bào)道的結(jié)果。由此,本方法所得的結(jié)果比基于13C NMR的方法更為準(zhǔn)確。 結(jié)論:我們利用1H NMR的高靈敏度優(yōu)勢,提出了一種測量重原子同位素效應(yīng)的新NMR方法。但值得注意的是,本方法只能用于質(zhì)子信號(hào)未被其他信號(hào)覆蓋的情況下;這種情況在氫譜中比13C NMR中更為少見,雖然偶爾也有例外;在信號(hào)被其他峰覆蓋時(shí),僅有一個(gè)衛(wèi)星信號(hào)能用于動(dòng)力學(xué)研究。在這種幸運(yùn)的情況下,此方法可用于化學(xué)或酶學(xué)反應(yīng);我們目前正努力將這一方法應(yīng)用于乳酸脫氫酶結(jié)合抑制劑的結(jié)合同位素效應(yīng)的研究,以便區(qū)分酶的亞型。另一方面,在反應(yīng)物或者產(chǎn)物中有可置換NH的反應(yīng)體系中應(yīng)用此方法測定15N KIE也非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性。 |
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