 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
||
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
| 4 | 1/1 | 返回列表 |
| 查看: 541 | 回復(fù): 3 | ||
| 本帖產(chǎn)生 1 個(gè) 翻譯EPI ，點(diǎn)擊這里進(jìn)行查看 | ||
[求助]
Heterogeneous anion-selective membranes
|
||
| Heterogeneous anion-selective membranes were prepared by blending anion-exchange particles, linear polyethylene, low density polyethylene or poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) and a water-soluble additive poly(ethylene glycol-ran-propylene glycol) at 140 °C with subsequent compression moulding into the shape of a flat membrane. SEM micrographs showed that the membranes based on linear polyethylene or low density polyethylene had voids around the anion-exchange particles, while the membranes comprising poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) had the particles completely encapsulated with the matrix polymer. The membranes with the voids around the particles were ion conductive, whereas the membranes with encapsulated particles were nonconductive. The presence of the water-soluble additive in the system resulted after extraction with water in a microporous membrane skin and in a considerable increase in conductivity. The conductivity of the membrane consisting (before extraction) of 66 wt.% anion-exchange particles, 3.4 wt.% water-soluble additive and 30.6 wt.% linear polyethylene was (70 °C) 7.1 S/m, whereas the conductivity of a similar membrane prepared without the water-soluble additive was only 3.5 S/m. |
回復(fù)此樓» 猜你喜歡
材料求調(diào)劑 一志愿哈工大總分298分，前三科223分
已經(jīng)有4人回復(fù)
-
086502化學(xué)工程342求調(diào)劑
已經(jīng)有3人回復(fù)
-
求調(diào)劑
已經(jīng)有9人回復(fù)
-
352分 化工與材料
已經(jīng)有5人回復(fù)
-
085602 化工專碩 338分 求調(diào)劑
已經(jīng)有10人回復(fù)
-
0856材料化工調(diào)劑 總分330
已經(jīng)有10人回復(fù)
-
330一志愿中國(guó)海洋大學(xué) 化學(xué)工程 085602 有讀博意愿 求調(diào)劑
已經(jīng)有4人回復(fù)
-
一志愿哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)材料與化工方向336分
已經(jīng)有6人回復(fù)
-
材料求調(diào)劑一志愿哈工大324
已經(jīng)有6人回復(fù)
-
085600 286分 材料求調(diào)劑
已經(jīng)有4人回復(fù)
vivanslum
木蟲(chóng) (正式寫(xiě)手)
- 翻譯EPI: 94
- 應(yīng)助: 10 (幼兒園)
- 金幣: 5587.9
- 散金: 21
- 紅花: 4
- 帖子: 547
- 在線: 600.7小時(shí)
- 蟲(chóng)號(hào): 1801798
- 注冊(cè): 2012-05-07
- 專業(yè): 環(huán)境工程
【答案】應(yīng)助回帖
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ...
愛(ài)與雨下: 金幣+2 2013-01-02 20:22:00
輝少一號(hào): 金幣+20, 翻譯EPI+1, ★★★★★最佳答案, 很好，急用就采納了、、 2013-01-02 23:26:54
Carena: 金幣+30, 金幣代發(fā) 2013-01-03 15:17:47
愛(ài)與雨下: 金幣+2 2013-01-02 20:22:00
輝少一號(hào): 金幣+20, 翻譯EPI+1, ★★★★★最佳答案, 很好，急用就采納了、、 2013-01-02 23:26:54
Carena: 金幣+30, 金幣代發(fā) 2013-01-03 15:17:47
| 非均相陰離子選擇性膜的制備是通過(guò)在140℃條件下將陰離子交換顆粒，線性聚乙烯，低密度聚乙烯或多聚（乙烯 - 共 -甲基丙烯酸），和水溶性添加劑聚（乙二醇-RAN-丙二醇）混合，再進(jìn)行壓縮成型為平膜。SEM顯微照片表明，基于線性聚乙烯或低密度聚乙烯的膜，其陰離子交換顆粒周圍具有空隙；然而含聚（乙烯 - 共 -甲基丙烯酸）的膜，其顆粒則完全被基體聚合物包封。顆粒周圍有空隙的膜是離子導(dǎo)電性的，而顆粒包封的膜是不導(dǎo)電的。經(jīng)水萃取后，系統(tǒng)中水溶性添加劑的存在使得形成微多孔膜表層，并引起電導(dǎo)性的顯著增加。（在提取前）包含66 wt.（重量比）％的陰離子交換顆粒，3.4 wt.％的水溶性添加劑和30.6 wt.％的線性聚乙烯的膜，其電導(dǎo)率為7.1 S / m（70℃下）；而未經(jīng)水溶性添加劑所制備的類似的膜，其導(dǎo)電率只有3.5 S / m |
2樓2013-01-02 20:02:04
親，太感謝您了、、、 3樓2013-01-02 23:14:03
輝少一號(hào): 回帖置頂 2013-01-02 23:30:27
輝少一號(hào): 取消置頂 2013-01-03 16:44:48
輝少一號(hào): 取消置頂 2013-01-03 16:44:48
哪位大神有空幫忙翻譯下介紹和總結(jié)部分！萬(wàn)分感謝�。�！急用。。。 Introduction Hydrogen will play an important role as an energy carrier for sustainable development in the future [1] and [2]. Today hydrogen is mainly produced by steam reforming of fossil fuels [3]. Hydrogen produced by water electrolysis would be an alternative if the electrolysis uses the electricity from wind turbines and solar panels. Alkaline water electrolysis [4] and [5] is a well-established technology but it has two major disadvantages: the use of asbestos diaphragms as separators (which are toxic and carcinogenic [6]) and the use of highly concentrated (25–30%) potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte (corrosive medium). Therefore, alternative conductive separators are needed. Such prospective separators can be anion-selective nonporous membranes. Today polymer anion-selective membranes are used as active separators in electrochemical processes, such as electrodialysis, electrodeionization and cataphoresis and are considered for use in alkaline fuel cell technology. They contain positively charged groups (almost exclusively quaternary ammonium groups) attached to the polymer backbone. The largest group of anion-selective membranes comprises homogeneous ones [7], which are the membranes consisting only of one polymer or one random copolymer. These membranes are prepared either by casting a solution containing a polymer with anion-exchange groups and evaporating the solvent or by introducing anion-exchange groups into an existing polymer film [7] and [8]. Homogeneous membranes are predominantly based on quaternized aromatic polymers such as copolymers of styrene [9] and [10], polyetherketons [11] and [12], poly(ether sulfone)s [13] and [14], polyimides [15] or poly(phenylene oxide) [16]. Homogeneous membranes with high ion-exchange capacities have excellent electrochemical properties but this is at the expense of their mechanical strength and dimensional stability in a water-swollen state [17].The membranes prepared of two polymers or of a block copolymers do not exhibit these drawbacks: one copolymer block or one polymer imparts the membrane mechanical strength and controls the swelling properties while the other block or polymer with charged groups controls transport properties. Block copolymers are promising for the preparation of anion-selective membranes as the immiscibility and molecular connectivity between the block segments give rise to well-organized periodic domain microstructures [18]. Anion-exchange membranes based on a block copolymer have recently been subject of several publications [19], [20], [21] and [22]; the commercial availability of copolymers comprising polystyrene and polyolefin blocks made them attractive for the preparation of ion-exchange membranes. There are several methods used commercially or on a laboratory scale for the preparation of two-polymer membranes: (a) chemical or radiation-grafting of monomers that can be functionalized (e.g., styrene or chloromethylstyrene in a mixture with divinylbenzene) usually onto partially or fully fluorinated polyolefin films followed by functionalization [23] and [24], (b) mixing a film-forming polymer and a polyelectrolyte generating semi-interpenetrating network membranes [25] and [26], (c) incorporating the polyelectrolyte within the pores of a microporous host membrane [27] and [28], (d) dispersing finely powdered ion-exchange particles in a solution of an inert polymer, casting the film and evaporating the solvent [29] and [30] and (e) blending finely powdered ion-exchange particles (usually 10–40 μm in size) with a matrix polymer at the temperature higher than the melting temperature of the matrix polymer followed by calendering, extruding or compression moulding into the shape of a flat membrane [31], [32], [33] and [34]. The advantage of heterogeneous membranes consists in their low cost, but they are usually less conductive than the other types of ion-selective membranes. The ionic conductivity of heterogeneous membranes depends: • on the concentration of ion-exchange particles in the membrane. The maximum possible concentration of the particles is limited by the mechanical strength of resulting membrane in a dry and in a water-swollen state. The maximum particle concentration is about 70 wt.% if the matrix is a polyolefin [33], • on the bulk morphology of the membrane. The efficient transport of ions through a heterogeneous membrane requires either a contact between the ion-exchange particles or an ion conducting solution between the particles [33] and [35], • on the surface morphology (“skin”) of the membrane. In the membrane skin, there are conducting and nonconducting areas formed by the ion-exchanger and matrix polymer, respectively, but the matrix polymer dominates [32] and [33]. The aim of this work is to find relations between heterogeneous membranes morphology and their electrochemical properties and, using the obtained knowledge, to prepare anion-selective membranes for water electrolysis with an increased conductivity. Conclusions • The membrane conductivity depends both on the structure of membrane core and membrane skin. • The membrane core of conductive membranes contains interconnection channels between the individual anion-exchange articles. • The porosity of the skin and thus the membrane conductivity is increased by the addition of a water-soluble additive to the matrix polymer/anion-exchange particles blend. [1] J.A. Turner Sustainable hydrogen production Science, 305 (2004), pp. 972–974 View Record in Scopus | Full Text via CrossRef | Cited By in Scopus (264) [2] S. Dunn Hydrogen futures: toward a sustainable energy system Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 27 (2002), pp. 235–264 Article | PDF (490 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (306) [3] N. Lior Sustainable energy development: the present (2009) situation and possible paths to the future Energy, 35 (2010), pp. 3976–3994 Article | PDF (657 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (35) [4] K. Zeng, D.K. Zhang Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production and applications Prog. Energ. Combust., 36 (2010), pp. 307–326 Article | PDF (716 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (73) [5] D. Pletcher, X.H. Li Prospects for alkaline zero gap water electrolysers for hydrogen production Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 36 (2011), pp. 15089–15104 Article | PDF (655 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (11) [6] R.F. Dodson, M.A.L. Atkinson, J.L. Levin Asbestos fiber length as related to potential pathogenicity: a critical review Am. J. Ind. Med., 44 (2003), pp. 291–297 View Record in Scopus | Full Text via CrossRef | Cited By in Scopus (44) [7] G. Couture, A. Alaaeddine, F. Boschet, B. Ameduri Polymeric materials as anion-exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells Prog. Polym. Sci., 36 (2011), pp. 1521–1557 [8] G. Merle, M. Wessling, K. Nijmeijer Anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells: a review J. Membr. Sci., 377 (2011), pp. 1–35 [9] T. Sata, K. Teshima, T. Yamaguchi Permselectivity between two anions in anion exchange membranes crosslinked with various diamines in electrodialysis J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem., 34 (1996), pp. 1475–1482 View Record in Scopus | Full Text via CrossRef | Cited By in Scopus (35) [10] H.S. Wu, Y.K. Wu Preliminary study on the characterization and preparation of quaternary ammonium membranes Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44 (2005), pp. 1757–1763 View Record in Scopus | Full Text via CrossRef | Cited By in Scopus (5) [11] Y. Xiong, Q.L. Liu, Q.H. Zeng Quaternized Cardo polyetherketone anion-exchange membrane for direct methanol alkaline fuel cells J. Power Sources, 193 (2009), pp. 541–546 Article | PDF (214 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (50) [12] H. Zhang, Z. Zhou Alkaline polymer electrolyte membranes from quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) for direct methanol fuel cell J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 110 (2008), pp. 1756–1762 View Record in Scopus | Full Text via CrossRef | Cited By in Scopus (23) [13] E.N. Komkova, D.F. Stamatialis, H. Strathmann, M. Wessling Anion exchange membranes containing diamines: preparation and stability in alkaline solution J. Membr. Sci., 244 (2004), pp. 25–34 Article | PDF (217 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (57) [14] J. Wang, J. Wang, S. Li, S. Zhang Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s ionomers with pendant quaternary ammonium groups for alkaline anion exchange membranes: preparation and stability issues J. Membr. Sci., 368 (2011), pp. 246–253 Article | PDF (816 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (15) [15] G. Wang, Y. Weng, J. Zhao, D. Chu, D. Xie, R. Chen Developing a novel alkaline anion exchange membrane derived from poly(ether-imide) for improved ionic conductivity Polym. Adv. Technol., 21 (2010), pp. 554–560 [16] T. Xu, W. Yang Fundamental studies of a new series of anion-exchange membranes: membrane preparation and characterization J. Mater. Sci., 190 (2001), pp. 159–166 [17] J. Schauer, J. Llanos, J. Žitka, J. Hnát, K. Bouzek Cation-exchange membranes: comparison of homopolymer, block copolymer and heterogeneous membranes J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2011) [18] S. Krause Polymer–polymer miscibility Pure Appl. Chem., 58 (1986), pp. 1553–1560 [19] R. Vinodh, A. Ilakkiya, S. Elamathi, D. Sangeetha A novel anion-exchange membrane from polystyrene (ethylene butylene) polystyrene: synthesis and characterization Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 167 (2010), pp. 43–50 [20] Q.H. Zeng, Q.L. Liu, I. Broadwell, A.M. Zhu, Y. Xiong, X.P. Tu Anion-exchange membranes based on quaternized polystyrene block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene for direct methanol alkaline fuel cells J. Membr. Sci., 349 (2010), pp. 237–243 [21] G.-J. Hwang, H. Ohya Preparation of anion-exchange membrane based on block copolymers: Part 1. Amination of the chloromethylated copolymers J. Membr. Sci., 140 (1998), pp. 195–203 [22] D. Valade, F. Boschet, B. Ameduri Random and block styrenic copolymers bearing ammonium and fluorinated side-groups as binders for alkaline fuel cells J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem., 49 (2011), pp. 4668–4679 [23] J.R. Varcoe, S.D. Poynton, R.C.T. Slade Alkaline anion-exchange membranes for low-temperature fuel cell application W. Vielstich, H.A. Gasteiger, H. Yokokawa (Eds.), Handbook of Fuel Cells – Fundamentals, Technology and Applications, vol. 5John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK (2009), pp. 322–333 [24] R.C.T. Slade, J.R. Varcoe Investigations of conductivity in FEP-based radiation-grafted alkaline anion-exchange membranes Solid State Ionics, 176 (2005), pp. 585–597 Article | PDF (302 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (125) [25] L. Lebrun, N. Follain, M. Metayer Elaboration of a new anion-exchange membrane with semi-interpenetrating polymer networks and characterization Electrochim. Acta, 50 (2004), pp. 985–993 Article | PDF (222 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (20) [26] B.G. Shah, V.K. Shahi, S.K. Thampy, R. Rangarajan, P.K. Ghosh Comparative studies on performance of interpolymer and heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes for water desalination by electrodialysis Desalination, 172 (2005), pp. 257–265 Article | PDF (649 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (10) [27] K. Pandey, A. Goswami, D. Sen, S. Mazumder, R.F. Childs Formation and characterization of highly crosslinked anion-exchange membranes J. Membr. Sci., 217 (2003), pp. 117–130 [28] M. Stachera, R.F. Childs Tuning the acid recovery performance of poly(4-vinylpyridine)-filled membranes by the introduction of hydrophobic groups J. Membr. Sci., 187 (2001), pp. 213–225 [29] G.S. Gohil, V.K. Shahi, R. Rangarajan Comparative studies on electrochemical characterization of homogeneous and heterogeneous type of ion-exchange membranes J. Membr. Sci., 240 (2004), pp. 211–219 Article | PDF (240 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (48) [30] V. Balaji, S.K. Adhikary, P. Ray Studies on the electrical diffusivities of monocarboxylates through heterogeneous anion exchange membranes J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 106 (2007), pp. 2615–2624 [31] J. Schauer, L. Brožová Heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes based on sulfonated poly(1,4-phenylene sulfide) and linear polyethylene: preparation, oxidative stability, methanol permeability and electrochemical properties J. Membr. Sci., 250 (2005), pp. 151–157 [32] E. Volodina, N. Pismenskaya, V. Nikonenko, C. Larchet, G. Pourcelly Ion transfer across ion-exchange membranes with homogeneous and heterogeneous surfaces J. Colloid Interface Sci., 285 (2005), pp. 247–258 [33] K. Bouzek, S. Moravcová, J. Schauer, L. Brožová, Z. Pientka Heterogeneous ion-selective membranes: the influence of inert matrix polymer on membrane properties J. Appl. Electrochem., 40 (2010), pp. 1005–1018 View Record in Scopus | Full Text via CrossRef | Cited By in Scopus (4) [34] J. Hnát, M. Paidar, J. Schauer, J. Žitka, K. Bouzek, J. Hnát, M. Paidar, J. Schauer, J. Žitka, K. Bouzek Polymer anion selective membranes for electrolytic splitting of water. Part I: stability of ion-exchange groups and impact of the polymer binder J. Appl. Electrochem., 41 (2011), pp. 1043–1052 View Record in Scopus | Full Text via CrossRef | Cited By in Scopus (3) [35] H. Strathmann Ion-exchange membrane separation processes Membrane Science and Technology Series, vol. 9Elsevier, Amsterdam (2004) p. 104 [36] N.D. Pismenskaya, E.I. Belova, V.V. Nikonenko, V.I. Zabolotsky, G.Y. Lopatkoya, Y.N. Karzhayin, C. Larchet Desalin. Water Treat., 21 (2010), pp. 109–114 View Record in Scopus | Full Text via CrossRef | Cited By in Scopus (4) [37] https://www.mega.cz |
4樓2013-01-02 23:29:45
相關(guān)版塊跳轉(zhuǎn)
我要訂閱樓主 輝少一號(hào) 的主題更新
| 4 | 1/1 | 返回列表 |
| 最具人氣熱帖推薦 [查看全部] | 作者 | 回/看 | 最后發(fā)表 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
[考研] 0703化學(xué) +6 | 妮妮ninicgb 2026-03-27 | 6/300 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
[考研] 340求調(diào)劑 +4 | jhx777 2026-03-27 | 4/200 |
|
|
|
[考博] 26申博 +3 | 加油沖��！ 2026-03-26 | 3/150 |
|
|
|
[考研] 305求調(diào)劑 +5 | 哇盧卡庫(kù) 2026-03-26 | 5/250 |
|
|
|
[考研] 329求調(diào)劑 +4 | 星野? 2026-03-26 | 4/200 |
|
|
|
[考研] 材料求調(diào)劑 +8 | @taotao 2026-03-21 | 8/400 |
|
|
|
[考研] 求調(diào)劑323材料與化工 +7 | 1124361 2026-03-24 | 7/350 |
|
|
|
[考研] 276求調(diào)劑。有半年電池和半年高分子實(shí)習(xí)經(jīng)歷 +10 | 材料學(xué)257求調(diào)劑 2026-03-23 | 11/550 |
|
|
|
[考研] 081200-11408-276學(xué)碩求調(diào)劑 +3 | 崔wj 2026-03-26 | 3/150 |
|
|
|
[考研] 294分080500材料科學(xué)與工程求調(diào)劑 +4 | 柳溪邊 2026-03-26 | 4/200 |
|
|
|
[考研] 材料與化工304求B區(qū)調(diào)劑 +3 | 邱gl 2026-03-26 | 6/300 |
|
|
|
[考研] 材料科學(xué)與工程 317求調(diào)劑 +4 | JKSOIID 2026-03-26 | 4/200 |
|
|
|
[考研] 0856求調(diào)劑 +8 | zhn03 2026-03-25 | 9/450 |
|
|
|
[考研] 材料專碩331求調(diào)劑 +4 | 鮮當(dāng)牛 2026-03-24 | 4/200 |
|
|
|
[考博] 26申博自薦 +3 | whh869393 2026-03-24 | 3/150 |
|
|
|
[考研] 284求調(diào)劑 +3 | yanzhixue111 2026-03-23 | 6/300 |
|
|
|
[考研] 361求調(diào)劑 +3 | Glack 2026-03-22 | 3/150 |
|
|
|
[考研]
 一志愿070300浙大化學(xué)358分，求調(diào)劑！
+4
|
酥酥魚(yú).. 2026-03-21 | 4/200 |
|
|
|
[考研] 求調(diào)劑 +5 | Zhangbod 2026-03-21 | 7/350 |
|
|
|
[考研]
 一志愿東華大學(xué)控制學(xué)碩320求調(diào)劑
+3
|
Grand777 2026-03-21 | 3/150 |
|