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大比目魚銅蟲 (小有名氣)
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[求助]
英譯漢 化學(xué)方面
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The continued use of large quantities of organic solvents as liquid media for chemical reaction, extraction, and formulation is a major concern in today’s chemical processing industry. The perceived deleterious effects of these materials on human health, safety, and the environment combined with their volatility and flammability has lead to increasing pressure for minimizing their use both from a public relations and a cost perspective. Concepts, such as Environmental Stewardship,have placed a renewed emphasis on careful solvent selection and a search for less harmful alternatives. In the past, the emphasis in industrial chemistry was placed on product yield and quality. Increasingly, solvent use during manufacture is viewed in terms of avoiding the costs associated with disposal,legal liabilities, and regulatory constraints. Recent regulatory controls have aggressively targeted the reduction of the volume of industrial pollutants, a major component of which comprise spent solvents unsuitable for recycling. Approaches to reduce the reliance on traditional solvents will be of tremendous importance in cleaning up industrial problems. Currently, treatment of solvent-laden wastes is a cost borne by industry, human health, and the environment. Although alternative approaches such as heterogeneous catalysis and aqueous reaction media exist, they may not represent generic solutions to these problems. The ideal opportunity for waste reduction occurs before any reagents are mixed, during process design. In this approach, basic chemistry must play an important role in formulating alternative manufacturing processes with minimized hazards and decreased waste generation. This shift in the manufacturing paradigm is the basis of ‘Green Chemistry’, rather than pollute and remediate. Green Chemistry also proposes optimized synthetic methodologies for high product yields and the generation of substances that offer little harm to the environment. In view of the heavy reliance on organic solvents in current manufacturing processes, the development of new technologies for pollution prevention can assist in the reduction of VOC usage and the associated volatility, environmental, and human health concerns that accompany exposure to organic solvents. Ionic liquids (ILs) are non-volatile, non-flammable and thermally stable solvents and as such as very promising replacements for the traditional volatile organic solvents. Their quite rapid emergence as alternative solvents has involved a rapidly growing number of examples of application but the understanding and study of their physical properties has lagged behind. It is very important that we accumulate a substantial body of physical data for these fascinating substances so that their true potential as solvents can be realised. Here the effects of the alkyl chain length of the cation and the identity of the anion on the key properties of hygroscopicity, density, viscosity, surface tension, melting point and thermal stability are studied. The anion identity is shown to be of foremost importance. [ Last edited by 大比目魚 on 2013-6-24 at 05:52 ] |
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大比目魚(phu_grassman代發(fā)): 金幣+10, thanks 2013-08-24 08:32:43
大比目魚(phu_grassman代發(fā)): 金幣+10, thanks 2013-08-24 08:32:43
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近期的管理控制在瞄準(zhǔn)減少產(chǎn)生工業(yè)廢物方面下了很大功夫，其中一個(gè)主要的方面就包括在循環(huán)中的不 適當(dāng)?shù)膹U溶劑。能夠減少對(duì)傳統(tǒng)溶劑依賴的方法，在清理工業(yè)問(wèn)題中能夠發(fā)揮極大重要性。目前，溶劑 負(fù)載廢物的處理工作，是工業(yè)、人類健康和環(huán)境的一個(gè)成本負(fù)擔(dān)。盡管可替代方法，例如多相催化和溶 液反應(yīng)媒介存在，但是它們不能代表對(duì)這些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行處理的一般方法。 在過(guò)程設(shè)計(jì)中，減少?gòu)U物最理想的機(jī)會(huì)應(yīng)該在溶劑被混合之前。在此途徑中，基本化學(xué)必須能夠在形成 可替代生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用，這個(gè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程需具有最小的危害物和減小的廢物產(chǎn)生。這樣，這個(gè)生 產(chǎn)模式總的轉(zhuǎn)變就是綠色化學(xué)的基本，而不是污染的和需要治理的。綠色化學(xué)同樣提出對(duì)高產(chǎn)率選擇優(yōu) 化的合成方法，并且產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì)對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)害。從當(dāng)今生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中對(duì)有機(jī)溶劑的嚴(yán)重依賴角度看，為阻止 污染，新技術(shù)的發(fā)展可以幫助減少有機(jī)揮發(fā)物（VOA）的使用，以及伴隨著暴露在有機(jī)溶劑中相關(guān)的揮 發(fā)性、環(huán)境和人類健康問(wèn)題。 例子溶液（ILs）是非揮發(fā)，不易燃而且熱穩(wěn)定性的溶劑，同時(shí)又是作為對(duì)傳統(tǒng)揮發(fā)有機(jī)溶劑的很有前 景的很好的替代品。作為替代溶劑，他們的迅速出現(xiàn)在許多不斷增長(zhǎng)的應(yīng)用例子中，但是對(duì)他們屋里特 性的理解和研究還相對(duì)欠缺。所以，積累大量實(shí)質(zhì)性的物理數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)于這些極好的物質(zhì)實(shí)現(xiàn)它們?nèi)軇┑?br /> 潛力是非常重要的。這里，我們研究了陽(yáng)離子烷基鏈長(zhǎng)度和陰離子的種類，對(duì)吸水性、密度、粘度、表面張力、融化點(diǎn)和熱穩(wěn)定性等主要特性所產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)。陰離子種類顯示出具有最重要的作用。 是一個(gè)abstract |
2樓2013-06-24 11:45:13
大比目魚
銅蟲 (小有名氣)
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大比目魚(phu_grassman代發(fā)): 金幣+20, 翻譯EPI+1, good job. 2013-08-24 08:32:04
大比目魚(phu_grassman代發(fā)): 金幣+20, 翻譯EPI+1, good job. 2013-08-24 08:32:04
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用于化學(xué)反應(yīng)、提取、列公式的液體介質(zhì)的大量有機(jī)溶劑的持續(xù)使用是當(dāng)今化學(xué)過(guò)程工業(yè)主要考慮的方面。感知到關(guān)于人類健康、安全、環(huán)境并結(jié)合它們的揮發(fā)性和可燃性，這些物質(zhì)的有毒有害影響已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致它們受到的公共關(guān)系最小化和消費(fèi)前景使用最小化的壓力增加。例如環(huán)境管理工作的觀念已經(jīng)確定了對(duì)謹(jǐn)慎選擇溶劑的重新強(qiáng)調(diào)和更少有害性選擇的研究。在過(guò)去，工業(yè)化學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。制造期間的溶劑使用在關(guān)于處理、法律、責(zé)任、規(guī)則限制方面避免花費(fèi)的關(guān)注增加了。 最近的規(guī)則控制已經(jīng)積極地瞄準(zhǔn)減少工業(yè)污染量，包括主要組成部分的溶劑的不適當(dāng)回收。減少對(duì)傳統(tǒng)溶劑的依賴的途徑會(huì)在清理工業(yè)問(wèn)題時(shí)有極大的重要性。目前，溶劑負(fù)載廢棄物的處理對(duì)工業(yè)、人類健康和環(huán)境是一個(gè)需要花費(fèi)的負(fù)荷。雖然有例如多相催化、水反應(yīng)介質(zhì)存在的可選方法，它們也許不能代表這些問(wèn)題的通用解決方法。 減少?gòu)U棄物的理想機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)生在一些試劑混合前以及過(guò)程設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)。通過(guò)這個(gè)方法，基礎(chǔ)化學(xué)必然在公式化選擇制造過(guò)程的危險(xiǎn)最小化與減少?gòu)U棄物產(chǎn)生中扮演重要角色。在制造范例中的這種轉(zhuǎn)變是“綠色化學(xué)”的基礎(chǔ)，而不是污染和補(bǔ)救。綠色化學(xué)也建議提高產(chǎn)量和采用對(duì)環(huán)境有少量危害的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的最佳化合方法。由目前制造過(guò)程中大量依賴有機(jī)溶劑看來(lái)，防止污染的新方法的發(fā)展可以用于減少揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物使用量以及伴隨在有機(jī)溶劑中暴露的揮發(fā)性、環(huán)境、人類健康。 離子液體是無(wú)揮發(fā)性、無(wú)可燃性且熱穩(wěn)定的溶劑，同時(shí)也能作為非常有前景的傳統(tǒng)非揮發(fā)性有機(jī)溶劑的取代物。它們作為替代溶劑十分快速的出現(xiàn)，已經(jīng)涉及了大量快速增長(zhǎng)的申請(qǐng)案例，但是對(duì)它們物理性質(zhì)的理解和研究卻已經(jīng)滯后了。我們收集了這些吸引人的物質(zhì)的大量物理數(shù)據(jù)，這是非常重要的，因此它們作為溶劑的真正潛力能夠得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。已經(jīng)研究了烷基陽(yáng)離子的烷基鏈長(zhǎng)度的影響和關(guān)于吸水性、密度、粘度、表面張力、熔點(diǎn)、熱穩(wěn)定性（這些）關(guān)鍵性質(zhì)的陰離子特性。 |
5樓2013-08-24 06:00:48
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