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star_zhang禁蟲 (文學(xué)泰斗)
臣本布衣,躬耕西洋
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【讀寫翻譯絕招15】三維英詞搞定單詞:縱向維度構(gòu)詞法 已有4人參與
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【讀寫翻譯絕招15】三維英詞搞定單詞:縱向維度構(gòu)詞法 三維,three-dimensional,指下述三項維度。 1. 縱向維度:構(gòu)詞法 英語作為印歐語系的分支,源自古英語、中古英語與德語,下層民眾多用;北歐語對英語的影響,始自維京人(Vikings)的入侵,1066年諾曼征服后,引入法語,而法語承襲了拉丁語、希臘語的影響,是為Anglo-Norman language,上層人士多用。因此英語詞源,延伸狀如鶴爪(pedigree),而以拉丁語為其主要淵源。 公元600—1500年間,古典拉丁文過渡為晚期拉丁語,這是當(dāng)時歐洲各種語言的“文言文”。本書的詞根,泰半基于此一時期的拉丁文。當(dāng)時歐洲通用的口頭方言,是羅曼語(Roman),逐步分支為今天的法文、西班牙文、意大利文。統(tǒng)稱羅曼語系(Romance languages)。英語的拉丁詞根數(shù)以千計,但本書擇其要者,列386目。 舉例:(方括號內(nèi)是鏈接索引;斜黑體是詞根或詞綴,下同。) 例一: to enchant (enchanted, enchanting, enchantment) to attract somebody strongly and make them feel very excited 使著迷,使陶醉 這算不上一個難詞。但要領(lǐng)悟深刻,遣用靈活,卻不容易。最好從詞根上理解。 詞根【C-4】chant ← cantāre → to sing repetitively 回環(huán)吟唱 [Tip] enchant ← sing in:吟唱。唱什么?古羅馬時期,反復(fù)吟唱的是一種magic formula,帶有魔法的歌詞,以降福辟邪,F(xiàn)代語境中,轉(zhuǎn)義為營造令人如癡如醉、心蕩神迷、猶如魔幻效果的浪漫氛圍。 a) Falling in love is like a kind of enchantment. (being placed under a spell, being hypnotized, mesmerized) 墜入情網(wǎng)猶如受到魔法的魅惑。【C-4, 提示】 b) J. K. Rowling’s Harry Porter has enchanted the juvenile readers on five continents. (attract, cast a spell on, appeal to, fascinate) 五大洲的少年讀者讀了J·K·羅琳的《哈里·波特》為之傾倒。【C-4, Ex. 2】 c) On a summer evening it is enchanting to hear the wailing of a saxophone floating across the campus. (enthralling, fascinating, entrancing, captivating) 夏夜,聽到一串如泣如訴的薩克斯管音符飄蕩在校園里,心都醉了!綜-4, Ex. 3】 d) At the enchanted metropolitan twilight I felt a haunting loneliness sometimes。 (enthralled, entrancing, enrapturing, spellbound) 在這大都市迷人的黃昏時刻,我有時會感到一種難以排遣的寂寞。 e) The football fans were enchanted by the wonderful goal。 (greatly delighted,excited) 足球迷們?yōu)檫@一精彩的進(jìn)球而雀躍若狂!綜-4, Ex.6】 f) Enchanted with quick success as well as high-tech’s flux, bachelors aren't seeking long-term relationships very often。(charmed, lured by, enthralled, fascinated, excited) 單身男士過分沉溺于事業(yè)的速成和高科技的日新月異,往往不忙于尋求天長地久的感情關(guān)系了。【C-4, Ex.6】 g) Western banks and hedge funds used Asia, particularly China, as an enchanted pool of money。(with a spell cast on, bewitched) 西方的銀行和對沖基金將亞洲,尤其是中國,視作具有魔力的金庫!綜-4, Ex.7】 如果理解了詞根chant的淵源——回環(huán)詠唱具有魔力的歌詞,對其蘊(yùn)含的強(qiáng)烈感情色彩如神魂顛倒、陶醉、狂喜、入迷就會了然于胸了。 例二: (1)abrasive ← ab- (off) + rādere (to scrape) → to scrape off or wear away by friction 不停地摩擦刮削,引起損耗 → causing irritation 導(dǎo)致煩躁→ rude and unkind, acting in a way that may hurt other people’s feelings 生硬粗暴的,傷人感情的 【鏈接 R-1】 例:The couple’s fragile relationship was worn thin with years of marital abrasion. 他倆脆弱的感情關(guān)系由于婚后的長年齟齬,難乎為繼了。【F-16, Ex.6】 (2) erode ← e-(out)+ rōdere(to gnaw咬, 嚙 — more at rodent嚙齒目動物,如鼠)→ to diminish or destroy by degrees 逐步侵蝕 例:Corruption will eventually erode the legitimacy of any government。 腐敗最終會削弱任何政府的合法性!綬-12, Ex.7】 兩個詞,abrasion, erode, 表面上看,互不相干。詞根上看,卻都源自rodent,一種嚙齒目動物,如鼠;此類動物的牙齒不停地咬嚙、摩擦,生動地喻指eat away, wear away, ravage, spoil, disintegrate;持續(xù)損耗侵蝕,勢必引起心理煩躁,傷害感情,隱伏危機(jī)。 例三: 名詞conception,動詞conceive,有兩項詞義:(1)構(gòu)想;(2)懷孕。兩者似乎風(fēng)馬牛不相及,怎么會兼容于一詞?查詞根【C-5】。 conceive ← com- (jointly) + capere (to take, to seize 捕獲) a) to seize → to have an impression, to think 構(gòu)思;conception → idea觀點(diǎn)。 例:He could never conceive of such a thing happening to himself。 他從未想到,這種事居然會發(fā)生在他身上。 b) to seize → to be pregnant → 懷孕;conception妊娠。 例:Personally, I felt nervous about trying to conceive after 35 and wound up having my son just three weeks shy of that milestone。 都說三十五歲是個坎,我本人就很擔(dān)心此后才懷孕,結(jié)果是此前三周,總算懷 上了我的兒子。 “構(gòu)思”和“懷孕”的公分母就是詞根capere → (for mind)to seize 捕獲(閃現(xiàn)的靈感) → 構(gòu)思;(for sperms)to seize an egg (精子)捕獲(卵母細(xì)胞) → 懷孕。 [Tip] 加上前綴contra- → contraception n. → contra- (against) + capere (to seize) → 避孕;contraceptive pill → pill against pregnancy → 避孕藥。 理解詞根,穎悟延伸,就是靈活運(yùn)用的鑰匙。 例四: rage ← rabiēs = madness;rabere = to be mad從而衍生出多項詞義: → violent and uncontrolled anger 狂怒 → angry and violent behavior 狂暴行為 → a fad pursued with intense enthusiasm 風(fēng)靡一時的時尚 → a very exciting and entertaining event 狂歡 如果添加詞綴out-, 就衍生出outrageous 駭人聽聞的,難以容忍的。 在這些例句中,rage的詞義變化多端,但萬變不離其宗,那就是rabies ← madness → to be crazy or irrational, without self-restraint (狂熱,非理性,不能自我克制)。這是該族的公分母。【鏈接R-3】 a) He flies into a rage every time his daughter flunks her exams。 (violent anger, wrath, frenzy, indignation, fury, choler, vehemence, temper) 每次他的女兒考試不及格,他就大發(fā)雷霆。 b) A blizzard raged across the area for more than a week。 (continues strongly,go at full steam,go at full blast) 一場暴風(fēng)雪橫掃這一地區(qū),肆虐了一個多星期。 c) Short dresses and long boots were all the rage last year。 (fashion, vogue, mode, craze, mania, fad, cult, the “in” thing) 去年,短裙長靴風(fēng)靡一時。 d) Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable,attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time。 (brutal, grossly offensive, shocking, scandalous, exasperating) 重要的真理一開始都是對當(dāng)時被普遍接受的主流思想令人難以容忍的或至少是令人不快的抨擊。 <THE END> |
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