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[轉(zhuǎn)載]轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜危害孩子健康不能食用必須抵制的科學(xué)證據(jù)
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http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102eagr.html 轉(zhuǎn)載者按: 支持轉(zhuǎn)基因的人總是要求反對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因的人拿出證據(jù)證明一些事,這里轉(zhuǎn)載的東西,我也希望支持轉(zhuǎn)基因的人拿出反對(duì)的證據(jù)! 轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜危害健康科學(xué)證據(jù):中山大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)魏祥東2006年博士論文確鑿證實(shí)消費(fèi)者生吃的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜“含有抗生素抗性基因…可能會(huì)通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染腸道細(xì)菌,而使消費(fèi)者對(duì)這些抗生素產(chǎn)生抗性”,證明轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜危害健康孩子絕對(duì)不能食用!論文揭示:轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜造成土壤微生物中“抗性微生物(細(xì)菌、放線菌和真菌)的數(shù)量及抗性商都顯著增加…對(duì)土壤細(xì)菌的種類和多樣性的影響較大,是部分細(xì)菌類群消失,病有新的細(xì)菌類群產(chǎn)生,且部分細(xì)菌的序列出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重分化...進(jìn)入土壤中的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜DNA在實(shí)驗(yàn)室和田間土壤中都可以水平轉(zhuǎn)移至某些土壤細(xì)菌中,而且外源基因片段越短,越容易發(fā)生水平轉(zhuǎn)移”!1998年荷蘭科學(xué)家一項(xiàng)新的研究揭示某些轉(zhuǎn)基因作物中用來(lái)做標(biāo)記的抗生素抗性基因在動(dòng)物與人類食用后遷移到腸道中的細(xì)菌,具有產(chǎn)生藥物抗性“超級(jí)細(xì)菌”現(xiàn)實(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。日本政府批準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜進(jìn)口,但是日本民眾舉國(guó)抵制導(dǎo)致210家日本超市連鎖店拒絕出售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜。夏威夷種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的惡果:番木瓜生產(chǎn)銷售量連年下降;2004年揭露出夏威夷番木瓜樹(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)基因污染廣泛傳播;夏威夷大島郡議會(huì)通過(guò)禁絕轉(zhuǎn)基因作物開(kāi)放環(huán)境試驗(yàn)與種植,轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜暫做例外!大力發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜夏威夷的遭遇是中國(guó)發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜地區(qū)的前車之鑒! 救救孩子。46)廉價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜危害孩子健康 必須抵制絕對(duì)不能食用的科學(xué)證據(jù) 陳一文(cheniwan@cei.gov.cn) 《轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)與人類安全》研究專家、80年代前全國(guó)青聯(lián)委員 《新浪網(wǎng)》“陳一文顧問(wèn)博客”:http://blog.sina.com.cn/cheniwan “華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)科研人員通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)選育出‘華農(nóng)1號(hào)’,這個(gè)品種在2006年獲得在廣東省應(yīng)用的安全證書(shū),開(kāi)始大規(guī)模種植”。【附錄A】 “廣州超市售出的番木瓜七成含轉(zhuǎn)基因成分!薄靖戒汢】 轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜不是糧食作物,又不是全國(guó)民眾特別廣泛消費(fèi)的水果。迄今為止農(nóng)業(yè)部公布的《實(shí)施標(biāo)識(shí)管理的農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物目錄》中,轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜并未被列入,所以并沒(méi)有要求進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí)。【附錄A】造成這種沒(méi)有標(biāo)識(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)基因食品,悄悄占領(lǐng)南方市場(chǎng),逐漸滲透其他地方市場(chǎng),使其健康危害沒(méi)有受到應(yīng)有的高度關(guān)注。 《綠色和平》 2009年5月19日發(fā)布文章揭露“轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜含有抗生素抗性基因…可能會(huì)通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染腸道細(xì)菌,而使消費(fèi)者對(duì)這些抗生素產(chǎn)生抗性…嚴(yán)重威脅消費(fèi)者的健康”!【附錄C】 信息來(lái)源: 《綠色和平》2009-05-19《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜:抗藥性是如何煉成的》 http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ ... 9/05/papaya-health/ 挺轉(zhuǎn)幫狡辯轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜安全的典型文章:《新京報(bào)》2009-5-31匿名作者“田不野”文章《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜吃不得?》【全文見(jiàn)后邊附錄C】 以“這種木瓜的抗病能力并非抗生素抗性基因賦予的?股乜剐曰?qū)χ参锉旧聿](méi)有任何好處”為借口對(duì)《綠色和平》的文章進(jìn)行反駁,但是未能否認(rèn)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜“含有抗生素抗性基因…抗生素抗性基因可能會(huì)通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染腸道細(xì)菌,而使消費(fèi)者對(duì)這些抗生素產(chǎn)生抗性”,反而以“未來(lái)的畫(huà)餅”(“科學(xué)家為了消除消費(fèi)者的疑慮,已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)了多種方法可以移除轉(zhuǎn)基因植物中的標(biāo)記基因…隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展,在我們未來(lái)出現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)基因食物中,將不再有抗生素抗性標(biāo)記基因了!保┢髨D否定轉(zhuǎn)基因食品當(dāng)前確實(shí)存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 綠色和平2009年6月23回應(yīng)《新京報(bào)》2009-5-31匿名作者“田不野”文章《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜吃不得?》一文【詳見(jiàn)附錄D】 《綠色和平》回應(yīng)后,《新京報(bào)》沒(méi)有了下文。 農(nóng)業(yè)部網(wǎng)站《轉(zhuǎn)基因權(quán)威關(guān)注》2013年5月13日轉(zhuǎn)載中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所李世訪《轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜及其安全性問(wèn)題》散布“官謠”:“外源基因水平轉(zhuǎn)移的可能性是非常小的,因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)基因食品中的外源基因特別是抗生素抗性基因被攝入人體后,水平轉(zhuǎn)移至腸道微生物或上皮細(xì)胞,從而對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生不利影響的可能性非常小。目前沒(méi)有基因從植物轉(zhuǎn)移到腸道微生物的證據(jù),也沒(méi)有在人類消化系統(tǒng)中細(xì)菌轉(zhuǎn)化的報(bào)道。故轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜中的卡那霉素抗性基因?qū)θ祟惒淮嬖诳股蒯t(yī)療安全性的問(wèn)題。”【附件E】 轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜危害健康科學(xué)證據(jù):中山大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)魏祥東2006年博士論文確鑿證實(shí)消費(fèi)者生吃的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜“含有抗生素抗性基因…可能會(huì)通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染腸道細(xì)菌,而使消費(fèi)者對(duì)這些抗生素產(chǎn)生抗性”,證明轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜危害健康孩子絕對(duì)不能食用!論文揭示:轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜造成土壤微生物中“抗性微生物(細(xì)菌、放線菌和真菌)的數(shù)量及抗性商都顯著增加…對(duì)土壤細(xì)菌的種類和多樣性的影響較大,是部分細(xì)菌類群消失,病有新的細(xì)菌類群產(chǎn)生,且部分細(xì)菌的序列出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重分化...進(jìn)入土壤中的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜DNA在實(shí)驗(yàn)室和田間土壤中都可以水平轉(zhuǎn)移至某些土壤細(xì)菌中,而且外源基因片段越短,越容易發(fā)生水平轉(zhuǎn)移”!【附件F】 1998年荷蘭科學(xué)家一項(xiàng)新的研究揭示某些轉(zhuǎn)基因作物中用來(lái)做標(biāo)記的抗生素抗性基因在動(dòng)物與人類食用后遷移到腸道中的細(xì)菌,具有產(chǎn)生藥物抗性“超級(jí)細(xì)菌”現(xiàn)實(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)!靖郊礼】 日本政府批準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜進(jìn)口,但是日本民眾舉國(guó)抵制導(dǎo)致210家日本超市連鎖店拒絕出售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜 農(nóng)業(yè)部網(wǎng)站《轉(zhuǎn)基因權(quán)威關(guān)注》2013年5月13日轉(zhuǎn)載中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所《轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜及其安全性問(wèn)題》披露:“日本10多年來(lái)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜一直采取抵制措施,隨著轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜安全性的進(jìn)一步確認(rèn),2010年5月,日本已經(jīng)允許轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜進(jìn)口本國(guó)市場(chǎng)! 但是,《轉(zhuǎn)基因權(quán)威關(guān)注》故意掩蓋日本民眾舉國(guó)抵制轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的事實(shí): 日本新華僑報(bào)網(wǎng)7月10日消息:日本商家銷售寵物糧含轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜成分被令回收!靖戒汬】 日本政府在美國(guó)壓力下批準(zhǔn)美國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜進(jìn)口,但是210家日本超市連鎖店拒絕出售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜【附錄I】 “日本政府批準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜進(jìn)口,但是日本民眾舉國(guó)抵制導(dǎo)致210家日本超市連鎖店拒絕出售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜”的啟示: (1) 在世界任何國(guó)家昏官、邪官推動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品與民眾抵制轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的博弈中,覺(jué)醒民眾抵制的力量更大! (2) 抵制轉(zhuǎn)基因食品關(guān)鍵性場(chǎng)所在超市! (3) 覺(jué)醒民眾要積極主動(dòng)做超市總部及其各地連鎖店的工作,要求超市連鎖店禁絕轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的銷售,至少必須對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜標(biāo)識(shí)! (4) 對(duì)付轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜“不標(biāo)識(shí)”的最有力的措施:對(duì)所有沒(méi)有標(biāo)識(shí)的番木瓜全面抵制,直到標(biāo)識(shí)為止! 夏威夷種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的惡果:番木瓜生產(chǎn)銷售量連年下降! 美國(guó)夏威夷番木瓜2000-2005年生產(chǎn)銷售量連年下跌 資料來(lái)源:轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜在夏威夷的失敗 http://www.greenpeace.org/intern ... EPapayainHawaii.pdf 2004年揭露出夏威夷番木瓜樹(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)基因污染廣泛傳播【附錄J】, 夏威夷島各處收集的僅2萬(wàn)番木瓜種籽,80%來(lái)自有機(jī)番木瓜農(nóng)場(chǎng),其余來(lái)自居民庭院或野生番木瓜,表明轉(zhuǎn)基因污染水平達(dá)到50%。Oahu島的番木瓜,主要來(lái)自有機(jī)農(nóng)場(chǎng),表明轉(zhuǎn)基因污染水平超過(guò)5%。此外Kauai島有機(jī)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的番木瓜也有轉(zhuǎn)基因污染蹤跡。從夏威夷大學(xué)直接購(gòu)買的一包“非轉(zhuǎn)基因”Solo Waimanalo番木瓜種籽,進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)基因污染檢測(cè)顯示陽(yáng)性(受到污染)。 “這些測(cè)試表明夏威夷大學(xué)的非轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜種籽庫(kù)存遭到轉(zhuǎn)基因污染,因此夏威夷大學(xué)無(wú)疑必須采取緊急措施保護(hù)農(nóng)民、消費(fèi)者與環(huán)境”,《無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)基因夏威夷》組織的Mark Query說(shuō)!胺竟衔廴臼寝D(zhuǎn)基因污染對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)造成威脅的一個(gè)案例研究。它很清楚表明,傳統(tǒng)作物與轉(zhuǎn)基因作物共處根本不可能! 夏威夷農(nóng)民非常擔(dān)心番木瓜遭受轉(zhuǎn)基因污染的危機(jī)對(duì)出口市場(chǎng)可能造成的影響,特別對(duì)日本這樣的國(guó)家,對(duì)進(jìn)口轉(zhuǎn)基因作物有嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)。大島是夏威夷州大部分商業(yè)化種植番木瓜的家園”,Kona島一位農(nóng)民Melanie Bondera說(shuō),她是夏威夷轉(zhuǎn)基因行動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的成員。 “繼續(xù)種植轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在夏威夷農(nóng)產(chǎn)品世界各地主要市場(chǎng)中給夏威夷農(nóng)業(yè)造成不應(yīng)有的壞名聲。” 醫(yī)學(xué)博士Lorrin Pang大夫,一位公共健康專家,討論了轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜與其他轉(zhuǎn)基因食品造成的潛在人類健康威脅,包括增加抗生素抗性與未曾預(yù)料過(guò)敏反應(yīng)!八羞@些擔(dān)心本身已經(jīng)足夠麻煩,但是,如果轉(zhuǎn)基因突變沒(méi)有傳播到我們打算的范圍之外,還不那么令人擔(dān)心。然而今天的報(bào)告表明它們已經(jīng)這樣傳播了”,Pang大夫說(shuō)!叭绻c轉(zhuǎn)基因食品相關(guān)的健康問(wèn)題出現(xiàn),這樣的活的危險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)基因突變一旦釋放到環(huán)境中,我們將無(wú)法召回它們! Hector Valenzuela博士,夏威夷大學(xué)Manoa的熱帶植物與土壤科學(xué)系熱帶作物科學(xué)家斷言,促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)⑾耐霓r(nóng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向錯(cuò)誤的方向。“不應(yīng)當(dāng)支持像轉(zhuǎn)基因這樣未經(jīng)成熟試驗(yàn)的技術(shù),夏威夷大學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)調(diào)整自己的資源推進(jìn)對(duì)解決夏威夷當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)問(wèn)題的可行的非轉(zhuǎn)基因方案。夏威夷的農(nóng)民需要能夠保護(hù)他們農(nóng)場(chǎng)與夏威夷州農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)展。” 面臨這些轉(zhuǎn)基因污染結(jié)果《無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)基因夏威夷》正在啟動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng):“盡管轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民已經(jīng)造成的問(wèn)題,夏威夷大學(xué)還在研發(fā)夏威夷果、菠蘿、香蕉、甘蔗等轉(zhuǎn)基因商品作物”,Bondera說(shuō)。“轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜污染的問(wèn)題向我們表明,農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)將新的實(shí)驗(yàn)性轉(zhuǎn)基因生物釋放到我們的環(huán)境中造成了太多沒(méi)有答案的問(wèn)題。夏威夷農(nóng)民要求立即終止釋放其他的轉(zhuǎn)基因商品作物,而且要求夏威夷大學(xué)承諾資助對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)乜沙掷m(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)的研究! 夏威夷大島郡議會(huì)通過(guò)禁絕轉(zhuǎn)基因作物開(kāi)放環(huán)境試驗(yàn)與種植,轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜暫做例外【附錄K】, 大力發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜夏威夷的遭遇是中國(guó)發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜地區(qū)的前車之鑒! 附錄 附錄A:番木瓜市場(chǎng)已被轉(zhuǎn)基因品種占領(lǐng)?作為我國(guó)南方重要的番木瓜產(chǎn)地之一 信息來(lái)源: 《信息時(shí)報(bào)》2013年11月06日《番木瓜全是轉(zhuǎn)基因嗎?》 http://news.hexun.com/2013-11-06/159407713.html 附錄B:“廣州超市售出的番木瓜七成含轉(zhuǎn)基因成分” 信息來(lái)源: 《南方都市報(bào)》2013年9月17日《廣東大部分木瓜是轉(zhuǎn)基因的》 http://epaper.oeeee.com/A/html/2013-09/17/content_1936321.htm 附錄C:《綠色和平》2009年5月19日《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜:抗藥性是如何煉成的》 信息來(lái)源: 《綠色和平》2009-05-19《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜:抗藥性是如何煉成的》 http://www.greenpeace.org/china/ ... 9/05/papaya-health/ 附錄C:挺轉(zhuǎn)幫狡辯轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜安全的典型文章:《新京報(bào)》2009-5-31匿名作者“田不野”文章《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜吃不得?》 信息來(lái)源: 《新京報(bào)》2009-5-31匿名作者“田不野”文章《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜吃不得?》 http://www.bioon.com/bioindustry/agriculture/396360.shtml 附錄D:綠色和平2009年6月23回應(yīng)《新京報(bào)》2009-5-31匿名作者“田不野”文章《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜吃不得?》一文 參考文獻(xiàn): 《卡塔赫納生物安全議定書(shū)》是一份監(jiān)管轉(zhuǎn)基因生物的國(guó)際性法律條約,它主要針對(duì)處理轉(zhuǎn)基因生物的越境轉(zhuǎn)移、過(guò)境、裝卸和使用。《議定書(shū)》現(xiàn)有195個(gè)簽署國(guó)及132個(gè)締約國(guó),于2003年9月11日正式生效,成為國(guó)際監(jiān)管轉(zhuǎn)基因生物的法律基礎(chǔ)。中國(guó)于2000年8月簽署《議定書(shū)》,2004年2月宣布將批準(zhǔn)加入,2005年6月正式成為締約方。 [ii] Codex Alimentarius Guideline for the conduct of food safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant-DNA plantsCAC/GL 45-2003 ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/guide_plants_en.pdf [iii] Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, Article 4(2). [iv] World Health Organisation, Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine: Categorization for the Development of Risk Management Strategies to contain Antimicrobial Resistance due to Non-Human Antimicrobial Use, Report of the Second WHO Expert Meeting Copenhagen, 29–31 May 2007 The WHO has three categories to define the relevance of antimicrobials: “Critically important”, ”Highly important” and ”Important”. http://www.who.int/foodborne_dis ... icrobials_human.pdf [v] European Medicines Agency (EMEA) - Committee for medicinal products for veterinary use and Committee for medicinal products for human use, Presence of the antibiotic resistance marker gene nptII in GM plants for food and feed uses. EMEA/CVMP/56937/2007. 22 February 2007. 信息來(lái)源: 網(wǎng)易探索2009-06-23綠色和平回應(yīng)《轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜吃不得?》一文》 http://news.163.com/09/0623/12/5CGBQH43000125LI.html 附錄E:農(nóng)業(yè)部網(wǎng)站《轉(zhuǎn)基因權(quán)威關(guān)注》2013年5月13日轉(zhuǎn)載中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所李世訪《轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜及其安全性問(wèn)題》“官謠” 信息來(lái)源: 農(nóng)業(yè)部《轉(zhuǎn)基因權(quán)威關(guān)注》2013-05-13中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所《轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜及其安全性問(wèn)題》(作者:李世訪) http://www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/zjyqw ... 0130513_3459131.htm 附錄F: 中山大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)魏祥東2006年博士論文 魏祥東,轉(zhuǎn)番木瓜環(huán)斑病毒(PRSV)復(fù)制酶突變體(RP)基因番木瓜的選育、抗病機(jī)理及安全分析,中山大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)博士學(xué)位論文(指導(dǎo)教師:藍(lán)崇鈺),2006年4月25日 Xiangdong Wei, Safety Assessment, Mechanisms of Virus Resistance and Breeding of Transgenic Papaya with Replicas Mutant Gene of Papaya Ringspot Virus, PhD paper (Tutor Prof. Chongyu Lan), Environmental Science Dept., Zhongshan University, April 25, 2006 http://www.doc88.com/p-9807337501472.html 轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜在盆栽和田間種植后,對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)、土壤微生物的種類、數(shù)量和多樣性及土壤酶活性產(chǎn)生了較大影響。盆栽和田間種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜后,土壤中有機(jī)質(zhì)和主要礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素(氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂和硫)的含量都顯著下降,但與親本相比,僅氮和硫含量有顯著性差異。 種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜后,土壤細(xì)菌、放線菌和真菌的數(shù)量、抗性微生物(細(xì)菌、放線菌和真菌)的數(shù)量及抗性商都顯著增加。 …...在同種土質(zhì)中種植不同品種的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜后,對(duì)土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的影響也顯著不同。進(jìn)一步研究轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜對(duì)土壤細(xì)菌種類及多樣性的影響發(fā)現(xiàn),種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜后,對(duì)土壤細(xì)菌的種類和多樣性的影響較大,是部分細(xì)菌類群消失(Verrucomicrobia and Deinococcus-Thermus),病有新的細(xì)菌類群產(chǎn)生(Fibrobacteres),且部分細(xì)菌的序列出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重分化。 從各種土壤細(xì)菌的數(shù)量來(lái)看,種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜后,土壤細(xì)菌的數(shù)量明顯發(fā)生改變,其中Actiobacteria、Bacteroidetes和a-Proteobacteria的數(shù)量顯著性增加,而Y-Proteobacteria、Acidobacteria、Gemmatimonadetes和Cyanobacteria的數(shù)量則顯著性降低。 有此可見(jiàn),轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜種植于土壤中或土壤中加入轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜DNA或葉片后,對(duì)土壤滲透系統(tǒng)都會(huì)產(chǎn)生顯著性影響。 ...進(jìn)入土壤中的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜DNA在實(shí)驗(yàn)室和田間土壤中都可以水平轉(zhuǎn)移至某些土壤細(xì)菌中,而且外源基因片段越短,越容易發(fā)生水平轉(zhuǎn)移,且純化的DNA比降解產(chǎn)生的DNA更容易發(fā)生水平轉(zhuǎn)移,轉(zhuǎn)移頻率更高;但總的來(lái)說(shuō),基因水平轉(zhuǎn)移的頻率非常低,約為1.1-2.7x10_-9,在田間土壤中更低。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),進(jìn)入土壤中的DNA可水平轉(zhuǎn)移至3中類群的土壤細(xì)菌中,即Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria。 附錄G:1998年荷蘭科學(xué)家一項(xiàng)新的研究揭示某些轉(zhuǎn)基因作物中用來(lái)做標(biāo)記的抗生素抗性基因在動(dòng)物與人類食用后遷移到腸道中的細(xì)菌,具有產(chǎn)生藥物抗性“超級(jí)細(xì)菌”現(xiàn)實(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 1998年荷蘭科學(xué)家一項(xiàng)新的研究激起轉(zhuǎn)基因食品可能推動(dòng)藥物抗性“超級(jí)細(xì)菌”的擔(dān)心。荷蘭科學(xué)家應(yīng)用一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)控制的人造腸道表明,DNA在大腸中完整無(wú)缺保持了幾分鐘。荷蘭Wageningen的國(guó)家農(nóng)藥產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量控制研究所科學(xué)家,告訴《新科學(xué)家》雜志:“看到DNA在結(jié)腸中持續(xù)存活這樣長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間令人驚訝! 這樣長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的存活意味著轉(zhuǎn)基因食品中的基因可能跳躍遷移到養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)動(dòng)物腸道中的細(xì)菌中。以前,某些科學(xué)家曾經(jīng)說(shuō),由于轉(zhuǎn)基因DNA太快分解,不存在這樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果遷移的基因是喂養(yǎng)給家畜的某些轉(zhuǎn)基因作物中用來(lái)做標(biāo)記的抗生素抗性基因的話,那么可能造成嚴(yán)重的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 危險(xiǎn)在于這樣的抗生素抗性細(xì)菌可能從動(dòng)物傳播到人類。該項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)使用轉(zhuǎn)基因含抗生素抗性基因的細(xì)菌。由于這些細(xì)菌在人造腸道中被消化,但是一半的DNA還是存活了六分鐘。這是檢測(cè)來(lái)自轉(zhuǎn)基因細(xì)菌的DNA遷移到腸道中通常存在的細(xì)菌遷移率的首次實(shí)驗(yàn)。每1000萬(wàn)個(gè)細(xì)菌中僅有一個(gè)的DNA發(fā)生遷移。但是,腸道中通常有1萬(wàn)億個(gè)細(xì)菌,提議可能發(fā)生許多遷移。最為關(guān)鍵性的試驗(yàn)是,感染腸道的轉(zhuǎn)基因食品與細(xì)菌能否發(fā)生基因遷移。哈維納爾說(shuō),他將要求歐盟提供資金支持進(jìn)一步的研究。 這個(gè)新的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明進(jìn)行更多研究至關(guān)重要,曾任英國(guó)新資源食品與加工咨詢委員會(huì)主席德雷克·布爾科說(shuō),“我們只能說(shuō)這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不是零風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。 英國(guó)上議院選擇的一個(gè)委員會(huì)最近說(shuō),轉(zhuǎn)基因食品潛在的益處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而,即便他們也依然推薦“應(yīng)當(dāng)盡快逐步淘汰”轉(zhuǎn)基因作物研發(fā)中應(yīng)用抗生素抗性基因,例如美國(guó)某些養(yǎng)牛場(chǎng)喂養(yǎng)牛的轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米。 信息來(lái)源: 英國(guó)廣播公司1999報(bào)道:科技超級(jí)細(xì)菌可能來(lái)自轉(zhuǎn)基因食品 英文中文對(duì)照譯文:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e7pd.html 原文鏈接:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/264119.stm 附錄H:日本新華僑報(bào)網(wǎng)7月10日消息:日本商家銷售寵物糧含轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜成分被令回收 【環(huán)球網(wǎng)報(bào)道 駐日本特約記者 郭桂玲】據(jù)日本新華僑報(bào)網(wǎng)7月10日消息據(jù)日本放送協(xié)會(huì)(NHK)電視臺(tái)消息,廣島縣福山市 “食品網(wǎng)絡(luò)”批發(fā)公司出售的商品里,大約有4公斤使用干燥番木瓜制作的“蔬菜番木瓜”及“蔬菜番木瓜試用品”。 日本厚生勞動(dòng)省透露,日本國(guó)立醫(yī)藥品食品衛(wèi)生研究所對(duì)這些泰國(guó)產(chǎn)的番木瓜加工品做了調(diào)查,結(jié)果顯示,商品里含有未經(jīng)日本安全審查的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜。 信息來(lái)源: 環(huán)球網(wǎng)2013-07-10轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)櫸锸称肪W(wǎng)上賣給人吃 日一商家被令回收 http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2013-07/4113642.html 附錄I:日本政府在美國(guó)壓力下批準(zhǔn)美國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜進(jìn)口,但是210家日本超市連鎖店拒絕出售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜 210 Supermarket Chains Do Not Want To Sell GM Papaya 210家超市連鎖店拒絕出售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜 A study by the No! GMO Campaign has revealed that Japan’s supermarket chains are refusing to sell genetically modified papaya. 日本《對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因說(shuō)“不”運(yùn)動(dòng)》進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查披露日本的超市連鎖店拒絕銷售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜。 The No! GMO Campaign was set up in 1996 to stop genetically modified foods. 16 years later, there is no commercial GM farming in Japan. Consumers and civic groups are continuing the battle against imported GM foods. In December, 2011 the government approved GM papaya and soon, the American producers in Hawaii were promoting the expensive fruit at a trade fair near Tokyo, giving out slices as free samples. The No! GMO Campaign started an effort to investigate if the GM papaya from Hawaii was actually sold in Japan or not. 《對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因說(shuō)“不”運(yùn)動(dòng)》建立以便停止轉(zhuǎn)基因食品。16年后,在日本沒(méi)有任何轉(zhuǎn)基因作物種植。消費(fèi)者與民間團(tuán)體正在繼續(xù)抵抗進(jìn)口轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的戰(zhàn)斗。2011年12月,日本政府批準(zhǔn)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜進(jìn)口,美國(guó)夏威夷番木瓜生產(chǎn)者不久后在東京附近的貿(mào)易展推銷這種昂貴的水果,免費(fèi)發(fā)放轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜片!秾(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因說(shuō)“不”運(yùn)動(dòng)》努力調(diào)查夏威夷的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜是否在日本實(shí)際銷售。 Citizen and activists all around the country approached their local supermarket chains and the result was revealing. Not a single supermarket chain has decided to introduce the controversial virus-resistant papaya from Hawaii. Could it be that the Americans are hoping that people will simply forget about GM papaya, before they start the marketing introduction? 全國(guó)各地的公民與活動(dòng)家接觸當(dāng)?shù)氐某羞B鎖店,結(jié)果披露出來(lái)。沒(méi)有任何一家超市連鎖店決定引入來(lái)自夏威夷的有爭(zhēng)議的轉(zhuǎn)基因抗病毒番木瓜。是否美國(guó)人希望日本消費(fèi)者在他們開(kāi)始市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)前簡(jiǎn)單忘掉轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜。 On July 25, 2012, the No! GMO Campaign sent a press release to thank the 210 supermarket chains, expressing appreciation that they do not sell GM papaya. “We will continue monitoring to make sure that no stores sell GM papaya in Japan, ” says Amagasa Keisuke, No! GMO Campaign director. “Illegal GM papaya seeds from Taiwan were also imported to Okinawa, causing financial damage to papaya growers in Okinawa, southern Japan. The farmers brought GM papaya to the Japanese market without knowing that it was genetically modified. So far, 35 growers were forced to cut down their illegal GM papaya trees,” notes Amagasa Keisuke. Better legal protection is needed to compensate farmers in such unfortunate cases. 2012年7月25日,《對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因說(shuō)“不”運(yùn)動(dòng)》發(fā)布一項(xiàng)新聞稿,對(duì)210家超市連鎖店標(biāo)識(shí)感謝,感謝他們拒絕銷售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜!拔覀儗⒗^續(xù)監(jiān)控確保沒(méi)有一家連鎖店在日本出售轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜”,Amagasa Keisuke,《對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因說(shuō)“不”運(yùn)動(dòng)》的主任說(shuō),“有人將非法轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的種子從臺(tái)灣帶到?jīng)_繩,對(duì)日本南部番木瓜生產(chǎn)者造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。在不知道它們是轉(zhuǎn)基因情況下,這些農(nóng)民將轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜拿到日本市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行銷售。到目前為止,35家種植者被迫砍掉他們非法的轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜樹(shù),Amagasa Keisuke說(shuō)。需要更好的法律保護(hù),使農(nóng)民在這種令人遺憾情況下獲得賠償。 信息來(lái)源: 《日本消費(fèi)者聯(lián)盟》網(wǎng)站:http://www.nishoren.org/en/?p=1298 附錄J:夏威夷番木瓜樹(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)基因污染廣泛傳播 Widespread GMO Contamination of Papayas in Hawaii in Genetically Engineered Trees 夏威夷番木瓜樹(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)基因污染廣泛傳播 (News Release: September 9 2004) (新聞稿:2004年9月9日) Hilo, Hawaii -- Independent laboratory testing results released today reveal widespread contamination from the world's first commercially planted genetically engineered tree, the papaya, on Oahu, the Big Island, and Kauai. Contamination was also found in the stock of non-genetically engineered seeds being sold commercially by the University of Hawaii. 夏威夷Hilo消息 – 獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)結(jié)果今天公布,揭示世界首種商業(yè)化種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜樹(shù)在夏威夷Oahu島、大島與Kauai島造成廣泛轉(zhuǎn)基因污染。夏威夷大學(xué)商業(yè)性銷售的非轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜樹(shù)種庫(kù)存也發(fā)現(xiàn)受到污染。 Farmers, health professionals, concerned citizens, and University of Hawaii scientists joined GMO-Free Hawaii in announcing the shocking results of their research at the University of Hawaii, which created and released the GMO papaya. Dozens of outraged farmers, consumers and backyard growers brought their contaminated papayas back to the university to underscore their demand that UH provide a plan for cleaning up papaya contamination. The campaign also called for liability protection for local growers and the prevention of GMO contamination of other Hawaiian commodity crops. 農(nóng)民、健康專業(yè)工作者、對(duì)此擔(dān)心的公民,以及研發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的夏威夷大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們,與《無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)基因夏威夷》組織聯(lián)手發(fā)布他們研究的令人震驚結(jié)果。數(shù)十位憤怒的農(nóng)民、消費(fèi)者與庭院種植者將他們?cè)馐苻D(zhuǎn)基因污染的番木瓜拿到大學(xué),要求夏威夷大學(xué)制定清除轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜污染的計(jì)劃。《無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)基因夏威夷》組織要求立法保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)胤寝D(zhuǎn)基因種植者以及防止對(duì)夏威夷其他商品作物的轉(zhuǎn)基因污染。 All samples were tested by Genetic ID, one of the world's leading scientific laboratories for genetic contamination testing. Composite samples from the Big Island and Oahu both revealed GMO contamination. 所有的樣品由檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)基因污染世界領(lǐng)先科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室《遺傳學(xué)識(shí)別》(Genetic ID)進(jìn)行測(cè)試。夏威夷大島與Oahu島采樣均揭示遭受轉(zhuǎn)基因污染。 Nearly 20,000 papaya seeds from across the Big Island, 80% of which came from organic farms and the rest from backyard gardens or wild trees, showed a contamination level of 50%. Oahu's composite of papayas, primarily from organic farms, showed contamination of over 5%, and trace levels of contamination were found on an organic farm on Kauai. One package of seed of the Solo Waimanalo papaya, a non-genetically engineered variety purchased directly from the University of Hawaii, also tested positive for GMO contamination. 夏威夷島各處收集的僅2萬(wàn)番木瓜種籽,80%來(lái)自有機(jī)番木瓜農(nóng)場(chǎng),其余來(lái)自居民庭院或野生番木瓜,表明轉(zhuǎn)基因污染水平達(dá)到50%。Oahu島的番木瓜,主要來(lái)自有機(jī)農(nóng)場(chǎng),表明轉(zhuǎn)基因污染水平超過(guò)5%。此外Kauai島有機(jī)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的番木瓜也有轉(zhuǎn)基因污染蹤跡。從夏威夷大學(xué)直接購(gòu)買的一包“非轉(zhuǎn)基因”Solo Waimanalo番木瓜種籽,進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)基因污染檢測(cè)顯示陽(yáng)性(受到污染)。 "It is an outrage that UH is selling contaminated papaya seeds to our local farmers and growers," said Toi Lahti, an organic farmer and papaya grower from the Big Island. "Not only could organic farmers lose their certification by growing genetically engineered papayas, GMO papaya seeds are also patented by Monsanto among others. This opens farmers to lawsuits for growing GMOs without paying patent fees first, even if they planted them without their knowledge." “夏威夷大學(xué)將受到污染的番木瓜種籽賣給我們的當(dāng)代農(nóng)民與種植者,這令人憤慨”,夏威夷大島一位有機(jī)農(nóng)民Toi Lahti說(shuō)!胺N植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜不僅能造成有機(jī)農(nóng)民喪失他們的有機(jī)認(rèn)證,轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的種籽被孟山都等專利。這種污染使種植它們的農(nóng)民遭到孟山都起訴的可能:沒(méi)有支付專利費(fèi)就種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜,即便在不知情下種植! "These tests indicate that UH's non-GMO seed stock is contaminated, and so there can be no doubt that the University must take immediate action to protect farmers, consumers and the environment," said Mark Query of GMO-Free Hawaii. "Papaya contamination is a case study in the threat that GMO contamination presents to local agriculture. It is now obvious that coexistence of traditional and GMO crops is impossible." “這些測(cè)試表明夏威夷大學(xué)的非轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜種籽庫(kù)存遭到轉(zhuǎn)基因污染,因此夏威夷大學(xué)無(wú)疑必須采取緊急措施保護(hù)農(nóng)民、消費(fèi)者與環(huán)境”,《無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)基因夏威夷》組織的Mark Query說(shuō)!胺竟衔廴臼寝D(zhuǎn)基因污染對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)造成威脅的一個(gè)案例研究。它很清楚表明,傳統(tǒng)作物與轉(zhuǎn)基因作物共處根本不可能! Farmers raised concerns about the impact the contamination crisis could have on export markets, particularly to countries like Japan that have stringent regulations about importing genetically engineered crops. "The Big Island is home to most of the commercial GMO papaya fields in the state," said Melanie Bondera, a farmer from Kona and member of the Hawaii Genetic Engineering Action Network. 農(nóng)民非常擔(dān)心番木瓜遭受轉(zhuǎn)基因污染的危機(jī)對(duì)出口市場(chǎng)可能造成的影響,特別對(duì)日本這樣的國(guó)家,對(duì)進(jìn)口轉(zhuǎn)基因作物有嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)。大島是夏威夷州大部分商業(yè)化種植番木瓜的家園”,Kona島一位農(nóng)民Melanie Bondera說(shuō),她是夏威夷轉(zhuǎn)基因行動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的成員。 "The continued planting of GMO crops risk giving Hawaiian agriculture an undeservedly bad reputation in major export markets around the world." “繼續(xù)種植轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在夏威夷農(nóng)產(chǎn)品世界各地主要市場(chǎng)中給夏威夷農(nóng)業(yè)造成不應(yīng)有的壞名聲! Dr. Lorrin Pang, MD, MPH, a public health specialist, discussed potential human health threats posed by the GMO papaya and other GMO foods, including increased antibiotic resistance and unexpected allergenic reactions. "All of these concerns are troubling in themselves, but they would be less worrisome if the GMO mutations did not spread beyond our intentions. Today's report shows that they do," Dr. Pang said. "If a health problem arises that is attributable to GMO foods, it will be impossible to recall such a live, dangerous mutation once it has been released into the environment." 醫(yī)學(xué)博士Lorrin Pang大夫,一位公共健康專家,討論了轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜與其他轉(zhuǎn)基因食品造成的潛在人類健康威脅,包括增加抗生素抗性與未曾預(yù)料過(guò)敏反應(yīng)!八羞@些擔(dān)心本身已經(jīng)足夠麻煩,但是,如果轉(zhuǎn)基因突變沒(méi)有傳播到我們打算的范圍之外,還不那么令人擔(dān)心。然而今天的報(bào)告表明它們已經(jīng)這樣傳播了”,Pang大夫說(shuō)!叭绻c轉(zhuǎn)基因食品相關(guān)的健康問(wèn)題出現(xiàn),這樣的活的危險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)基因突變一旦釋放到環(huán)境中,我們將無(wú)法召回它們! Dr. Hector Valenzuela, a scientist specializing in tropical crops from UH Manoa's Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, asserted that the University's focus on promoting genetic engineering is steering Hawaiian agriculture in the wrong direction. "Instead of supporting untested technologies like genetic engineering, the University of Hawaii should redirect their resources to focus on researching and promoting workable, non-GMO solutions to local agricultural problems. Hawaii farmers need agricultural advances that can protect their farms and our state's agricultural economy over the long run." Hector Valenzuela博士,夏威夷大學(xué)Manoa的熱帶植物與土壤科學(xué)系熱帶作物科學(xué)家斷言,促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)⑾耐霓r(nóng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向錯(cuò)誤的方向。“不應(yīng)當(dāng)支持像轉(zhuǎn)基因這樣未經(jīng)成熟試驗(yàn)的技術(shù),夏威夷大學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)調(diào)整自己的資源推進(jìn)對(duì)解決夏威夷當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)問(wèn)題的可行的非轉(zhuǎn)基因方案。夏威夷的農(nóng)民需要能夠保護(hù)他們農(nóng)場(chǎng)與夏威夷州農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)展! Bondera outlined the campaign being launched by GMO-Free Hawaii based on these contamination results. "Despite the problems local growers have had with the GMO papaya, the University is now genetically engineering taro, pineapple, banana, sugarcane, and other commodity crops," said Bondera. "The problems with GMO papaya contamination show us that there are too many unanswered questions about agricultural biotech to be releasing new experimental genetically engineered organisms into our environment. Hawaiian farmers want to see an immediate moratorium on the release of other genetically engineered commodity crops, and a commitment from the University to fund research into local, sustainable agriculture." Bondera介紹了面臨這些轉(zhuǎn)基因污染結(jié)果《無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)基因夏威夷》正在啟動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)!氨M管轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民已經(jīng)造成的問(wèn)題,夏威夷大學(xué)還在研發(fā)夏威夷果、菠蘿、香蕉、甘蔗等轉(zhuǎn)基因商品作物”,Bondera說(shuō)。“轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜污染的問(wèn)題向我們表明,農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)將新的實(shí)驗(yàn)性轉(zhuǎn)基因生物釋放到我們的環(huán)境中造成了太多沒(méi)有答案的問(wèn)題。夏威夷農(nóng)民要求立即終止釋放其他的轉(zhuǎn)基因商品作物,而且要求夏威夷大學(xué)承諾資助對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)乜沙掷m(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)的研究! 信息來(lái)源: Widespread GMO Contamination of Papayas in Hawaii in Genetically Engineered Trees 夏威夷番木瓜樹(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)基因污染廣泛傳播 Northwest Resistance Against Genetic Engineering website (美國(guó))西北抵抗轉(zhuǎn)基因網(wǎng)站 http://www.nwrage.org/content/wi ... tion-papayas-hawaii 附錄K:夏威夷大島郡議會(huì)通過(guò)禁絕轉(zhuǎn)基因作物開(kāi)放環(huán)境試驗(yàn)與種植,轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜暫做例外 Council Votes to Restrict GMOs, Ban Fracking 夏威夷大島郡議會(huì)投票限制轉(zhuǎn)基因作物,禁絕造假作物 by Dave Smith Posted on October 16th, 2013 作者:Dave Smith,2013年10月16日發(fā)布 A bill that would ban genetically modified crops on the Big Island contains an exemption for GMO papayas. 一項(xiàng)法案將禁止在夏威夷大島的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物,包括對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的例外。 The County Council today gave preliminary approval to a bill restricting the use of genetically modified crops on the Big Island. 夏威夷大島郡議會(huì)今天初步批準(zhǔn)一項(xiàng)法案,在夏威夷大島上限制轉(zhuǎn)基因作物。 Meeting in Kona, the council voted 6-2 in favor of a bill introduced by Waimea Councilwoman Margaret Wille that establishes a fine of up to $1,000 for anyone who knowingly engages “in the open air cultivation, propagation, development or testing of genetically engineered crops or plants.” 在Kona舉行的會(huì)議上,郡議會(huì)以6比2投票贊同議員Margaret Wille女士提出的議案,對(duì)任何人知曉情況下“在開(kāi)放環(huán)境下種植、傳播、研發(fā)或者試驗(yàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物或者植物”罰款,數(shù)額可達(dá)到1000美元。 The bill still requires a second favorable vote before it is sent to Mayor Billy Kenoi for his consideration. 該提案依然要求進(jìn)行第二次贊同投票才能送交市長(zhǎng)Billy Kenoi予以考慮。 Bill 113 exempts the growing of genetically engineered papaya, although it requires that those farmers register with the county Department of Research and Development. They would also be required to pay a $100 fee for each location where such crops are grown. 提案113將轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜種植作為例外,但是要求種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的農(nóng)民在郡研發(fā)部門(mén)注冊(cè)。這樣的農(nóng)民需對(duì)每處種植地支付100美元的費(fèi)用。 Before today’s vote, Wille amended the bill to withhold from the public the names of the farmers and the exact location where the GMO papayas are grown. 今天投票前,Wille女士對(duì)提案進(jìn)行了修改,對(duì)種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜的農(nóng)民姓名以及種植轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜準(zhǔn)確地點(diǎn)予以保密。 That was apparently in response to concerns expressed by papaya growers that making such information public would put their farms at risk of being targeted by anti-GMO activists. 這樣做回應(yīng)一種擔(dān)心,將這樣的信息公開(kāi)使這些農(nóng)場(chǎng)面臨反轉(zhuǎn)基因活動(dòng)者目標(biāo)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 Those concerns followed several instances of vandalism over the past several years in which orchards of GMO papaya trees in the Kapoho area were cut down by unknown persons wielding machetes. 過(guò)去幾年,Kapoho區(qū)域發(fā)生了數(shù)起匿名者用焊機(jī)割斷轉(zhuǎn)基因番木瓜樹(shù)破壞事件,引起這樣的擔(dān)心。 Genetically modified varieties of papaya have been credited with saving the island’s papaya industry after it was devastated by the ringspot virus in the 1990s. 90年代期間環(huán)斑病毒造成番木瓜災(zāi)難后,轉(zhuǎn)基因品種番木瓜被人宣稱挽救了夏威夷島的番木瓜產(chǎn)業(yè)。 The bill was further amended to include an “emergency exemption” which would allow farmers a “genetically engineered remedy” to combat plant pestilence. The exemption would require approval from the council and would only be allowed if there is no other alternative solution. 該提案進(jìn)一步修正,包括一項(xiàng)“緊急例外”,允許農(nóng)民采用一種“轉(zhuǎn)基因補(bǔ)救”以應(yīng)對(duì)植物瘟疫。然而,這樣的“緊急例外”要求獲得郡議會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)如果不存在任何其他解決方案。 信息來(lái)源: Council Votes to Restrict GMOs, Ban Fracking 夏威夷大島郡議會(huì)投票限制轉(zhuǎn)基因作物,禁絕造假作物 Big Island Now website: 夏威夷《大島現(xiàn)在》網(wǎng)站: http://bigislandnow.com/2013/10/ ... -gmos-ban-fracking/ 轉(zhuǎn)基因木瓜的危害.jpg |

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