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砉牛新蟲 (初入文壇)
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[求助]
求幫忙翻譯，主要是departures from unity不理解
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PSCs typically have ideality factors in the range 1.5–2 due to their inherent disorder, and departures from unity are attributed to various recombination mechanisms inside band-to-band transitions, that is, trapassisted and tail state recombination. |
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befair
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【答案】應(yīng)助回帖
★ ★ ★
砉牛: 金幣+3, 翻譯EPI+1, ★★★很有幫助 2013-12-08 10:19:03
砉牛: 金幣+3, 翻譯EPI+1, ★★★很有幫助 2013-12-08 10:19:03
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nacreous [ 'nekrɪəs ] a. 真珠質(zhì)的, 有光彩的 [醫(yī)] 真珠色的 PSCs Web definitions Polar stratospheric clouds or PSCs, also known as // nacreous clouds/, are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 meters. They are best observed during civil twilight when the sun is between 1 and 6 degrees below the horizon. ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSCs # stratospheric strat.o.spher.ic adj.（形容詞） 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of the stratosphere. 平流層的：屬于、關(guān)于平流層的或具有平流層的典型特征的 2. Extremely or unreasonably high: 極高的：極高的或高得不合情理的： “money borrowed at today's stratospheric rates of interest”(&b{New York Times}) “在今天極高利息率的時(shí)代借的錢”(紐約時(shí)報(bào)) # unity 《源自拉丁文“1”的意思》 # stratosphere 1. The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. 平流層：位于對(duì)流層之上中頂層之下的范圍的大氣 2. An extremely high or the highest point or degree on a ranked scale: 高層：在某一分級(jí)標(biāo)度內(nèi)的極高的或最高的點(diǎn)或程度： the governmental stratosphere; business expenses in the stratosphere. 政府最高層；極高的商業(yè)支出費(fèi)用 strato= [散開] *參見 stratus band-to-band transition 帶間躍遷 [電子] Polymer solar cells with enhanced fill factors https://www.nature.com/nphoton/j ... c_id=NPHOTON-201310 Recent advances [最新進(jìn)展/] in # polymer solar cell (PSC)[聚合物太陽(yáng)能電池/] performance [性能/] have resulted from //compressing the bandgap[:壓縮帶隙] to enhance the //short-circuit current[:短路電流] while lowering the highest occupied molecular orbital to increase the //open-circuit voltage[:斷路電壓]. Nevertheless, PSC power //conversion efficiencies[:轉(zhuǎn)換效率] are still constrained by low //fill factors[:填充因子], typically[同usually] below 70%. Here, we report[提出] PSCs with exceptionally [同:to an exceptional degree = 異常的] high fill factors by combining //complementary materials design[:輔助材料設(shè)計(jì)], synthesis, processing[加工] and device engineering[設(shè)計(jì)] strategies. The //donor polymers[:聚合物供體], PTPD3T and PBTI3T, when incorporated into #inverted bulk-heterojunction PSCs with a PC71BM acceptor, result in PSCs with fill factors of 76–80%. [----------------問(wèn)題中的departures from unity的 同義轉(zhuǎn)換 就在下句話中-----------] The //enhanced performance/ is attributed to //highly ordered, closely packed and properly oriented[:高度有序，緊密排列和方向正確的 ;就是unity的改寫] active-layer microstructures[微觀結(jié)構(gòu)] with //optimal horizontal phase separation and vertical phase gradation[最優(yōu)的水平 相分離和垂直的 相漸變]. The result is efficient charge extraction and suppressed bulk and interfacial bimolecular recombination[?????]. The high fill factors yield// power conversion efficiencies/ of up to 8.7% from polymers with suboptimal[第二最好的=次優(yōu)的?] bandgaps, suggesting that efficiencies above 10% should be realizable by bandgap modification. # inverted bulk-heterojunction #heterojunction n.異質(zhì)結(jié) heterojunction is a //semiconductor junction[:半導(dǎo)體結(jié)] which is composed of layers of dissimilar[:不同的;unlike] semiconductor material, these materials having non-equal band gaps. In such a structure, the implementable[:可實(shí)現(xiàn)的] diode [二極管]characterstics can closely approach[接近] those of an idealized diode. Furthermore[此外], the diode model parameters that #define //the diode current vs. voltage response [???]can be tuned by adjusting the thicknesses and //band gaps[帶隙] of the layers. 半導(dǎo)體的異質(zhì)結(jié)是一種特殊的PN結(jié)，由兩層以上不同的半導(dǎo)體材料薄膜依次沉積在同一基座上形成，這些材料具有不同的[能帶隙]，它們可以是砷化鎵之類的化合物，也可以是硅-鍺之類的半導(dǎo)體合金。 半導(dǎo)體異質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的二極管特性非常接近理想二極管。另外，通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)半導(dǎo)體各材料層的厚度和能帶隙，可以改變二極管電流與電壓的響應(yīng)參數(shù)。半導(dǎo)體異質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)具有重大影響，是高頻晶體管和光電子器件的關(guān)鍵成分。 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/異質(zhì)結(jié) in an environmentally benign fashion. in an environmentally benign fashion. in an environmentally benign fashion. 在一個(gè)環(huán)境友好的方式。 https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/gro ... sations/topics/3624 polymer (plastic) solar cells 聚合物（塑料?）太陽(yáng)能電池 注  rganic solar cells (also called "plastic solar cells"# amorphous[沒(méi)有形狀的=非晶體的] silicon solar cell [ ] 非晶硅太陽(yáng)電池 environmentally benign materials environmentally benign materials environmentally benign materials 對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)害的材料 With our high fill factors, polymers with very good but not champion light absorption still are able to achieve very good efficiency." “隨著我們的高填充因子，#具有非常好的，但不是冠軍/的光吸收聚合物仍然能夠達(dá)到很好的效率。 very good but not champion very good but not champion very good but not champion photovoltaic effect. photovoltaic effect ‘物理’光生伏特效應(yīng) 注:voltaic = 伏打電的 電流的，伏打（式）的 電流的，伏打（式）的 電流的，伏打（式）的 電流的，伏打（式）的 voltaic [醫(yī)] 伏打電的, [直]流電的; 動(dòng)電的[∵volt = 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) ] 電流的，伏打（式）的：通過(guò)化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的電流的 #動(dòng)生電動(dòng)勢(shì) motional electromotive force #感生電動(dòng)勢(shì) [ ] induced electromotive force antithetical adj.對(duì)立的 antipodal adj.正反對(duì)的,恰恰相反的 de.fine v.tr.（及物動(dòng)詞） 1. To //state the precise meaning of/(a word or sense of a word, for example). state the precise meaning of state the precise meaning of state the precise meaning of state the precise meaning of 給…下定義：#給（例如，單詞或詞義）下精確的定義 2. To //describe the nature or basic qualities of; explain: 闡釋：描述…的性質(zhì)或基本特征；解釋： define the properties of a new drug; a study that defines people according to their median incomes. define the properties of a new drug define the properties of a new drug define the properties of a new drug 解釋一種新藥的特性；根據(jù)人們的平均收入闡釋的調(diào)查 #3. To //delineate the outline or form of/: 勾畫出…的輪廓或外形： gentle hills that were defined against the sky. 在天空的襯托下顯得輪廓分明的丘陵 4. To specify distinctly: 清楚地規(guī)定： define[:明確地規(guī)定] the weapons to be used in //limited warfare[:局部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)]. 5. To //serve to[:用于] distinguish; characterize: 用于分辨；顯示…的特色： “portraits that defined the style of an epoch”(&b{Gloria Vanderbilt}) defined the style of an epoch defined the style of an epoch defined the style of an epoch defined the style of an epoch “表現(xiàn)一個(gè)時(shí)代風(fēng)格特征 的描寫”(格洛麗亞·范德比爾特) Fig. 1. Schematic [示意圖;圖解]of plastic solar cells. PET – polyethylene terephthalate, ITO – indium tin oxide, PEDOT  SS – poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), active layer (usually a polymer:fullerene blend), Al – aluminium.Mechanism[edit] Polymer solar cells usually consist of an electron- or //hole-blocking layer[空穴阻擋層/] on top of an //indium tin oxide[銦錫氧化物/] (ITO) //conductive glass[導(dǎo)電玻璃 /] followed by //electron donor[電子給體/] and an //electron acceptor[電子受體/] (in the case of bulk heterojunction solar cells), a hole or electron blocking layer, and metal electrode on top. The nature and order of the blocking layers – as well as the nature of the metal electrode – depends on whether the cell follows a regular or an inverted device architecture[構(gòu)造方式]. In bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells, light generates #excitons[激子] with subsequent separation of charges in the interface between an electron donor and acceptor blend within the device’s active layer. //These charges[這些電荷] then transport to the device’s electrodes where these charges flow outside the cell, //perform work[??] and then re-enter the device on the opposite side. The cell's efficiency is limited by several factors especially //non-geminate recombination[非成雙的重組/]. Hole mobility [空穴遷移率/]leads to faster conduction[傳導(dǎo)] across the active layer.[7][8] Exciton 激子：由于吸收光子在固體中產(chǎn)生的可移動(dòng)的束縛的電子-空子對(duì) An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an imaginary particle called an electron hole in an insulator (or semiconductor), or in other words, a Coulomb correlated electron-hole pair. It is an elementary excitation, or a quasiparticle of a solid. a localized, mobile excited state of a crystal, consisting of an electron and a hole bound together. roughage 粗糙食物 (可刺激腸的蠕動(dòng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值低而分量多的食物; 例如纖維質(zhì),食用糠等) # bulk /bəlk/ ♫ ▶ noun the //mass or magnitude[質(zhì)量或者幅度] of something large: the sheer bulk of the bags. • a large mass or shape, for example of a building or a //heavy body[高容量]: he moved quickly in spite of his bulk. • [as modifier] large in quantity[數(shù)量;] or amount[數(shù)額]: bulk[大量的] orders of more than 100 copies. large in quantity or amount large in quantity or amount large in quantity or amount large in quantity or amount 注:數(shù)量和數(shù)額有什么差別? 數(shù)量 用于物用于貨 數(shù)額 用于錢用于幣 [此解釋純屬虛構(gòu)] • (the bulk) the majority[大多數(shù)的] or greater[多的] part of something: the bulk of the traffic had passed. • #roughage in food: bread and potatoes supply energy, essential protein, and bulk. 注:roughage = rough+age • cargo that is an unpackaged mass such as grain, oil, or milk. ▶ verb [no obj.] be or seem to be of great size or importance: territorial questions bulked large in diplomatic relations. [with obj.] treat (a product) so that its quantity appears greater than it in fact is: traders were bulking up their flour with chalk.??? • [no obj.] (bulk up)// build up body mass[增重], typically in training for athletic events. build up body mass[增重],??? put on weight [ ]體重增加??? – origin Middle English: the senses ‘cargo as a whole’ and ‘heap, large quantity’ (the earliest recorded) are probably from Old Norse búlki ‘cargo’; the origin of other senses remains uncertain, perhaps arising by alteration[改變] of obsolete bouk ‘belly, body.’ The original senses are also reflected in the phrases break bulk and in bulk. break-bulk 這是形容詞 Having, being, or related to shipments of goods packed in small, separable units. 非集裝箱化的，分件的：把貨物包裝成小的、可分離的單位裝載的，或與之相關(guān)的 break bulk 但這不是形容詞 [經(jīng)] 下貨, 卸貨 v in bulk (esp. of goods)// in large quantities[:大批量的], usually at a //reduced price[減價(jià)?;降價(jià)?;處理價(jià)格?;折扣價(jià)格?]: buying tomatoes in bulk from a local farmer. (of a cargo or commodity) loose[散裝的]; not packaged: sugar is imported in bulk and bagged on the island. 以下內(nèi)容純屬虛構(gòu): 某某因子是物理中實(shí)在的東西,比如 粗糙程度等等. 某某系數(shù)是用數(shù)字來(lái)比某某因子的大小差異.是人們?yōu)榱朔奖憷斫夂陀?jì)算 https://zhidao.baidu.com/link?ur ... JemYNDGMXxuWVLzThH_ enhanced 提高的 hance 拱腰橢圓拱腳處的最小半徑 拱腰 [建];拱腋 haunch 1. The hip, buttock, and upper thigh in human beings and animals. 腿臀部：人或動(dòng)物的髖部、臀部及大腿上部 2. The loin and leg of a four-footed animal, especially as used for food: 腰腿：四足動(dòng)物的腰部和腿部，尤指用來(lái)食用的部分： a haunch of venison. 一塊鹿的腰腿肉 3. Architecture Either of the sides of an arch, curving down from the apex to an impost. 【建筑學(xué)】 梁腋，拱腋：拱門上任意一個(gè)從拱頂?shù)焦岸臻g的部分[注是一個(gè)弧形的區(qū)域] 在近處守衛(wèi) 拱腋 ==拱腰 ==梁腋 ==拱門上任意一個(gè)從拱頂?shù)焦岸臻g的部分 ==haunch ==Either of the sides of an arch, curving down from the apex to an #impost.[拱墩] https://zhidao.baidu.com/link?ur ... ismsfWzqcG9-8yHt4jq trap[=hole?] assisted and //tail state[???] recombination.??? Recombination via tail states in polythiophene[聚噻吩]: //fullerene solar cells[富勒烯太陽(yáng)能電池] State-of-the-art [最新型的] models used for //drift-diffusion[漂移擴(kuò)散] simulations of organic //bulk heterojunction solar cells[本體異質(zhì)結(jié)太陽(yáng)能電池/] based on band transport are not capable of reproducing the voltage dependence of dark current density and carrier concentration of such devices, as determined by current-voltage and charge-extraction measurements. Here, we show how to correctly reproduce this experimental data by including an //exponential tail[指數(shù)曲線尾/] of //localized states[定域態(tài)/] into the //density of states[態(tài)密度] for both electrons and holes, and allowing recombination to occur between free //charge carriers[載流子] and charge carriers trapped in these states. When this recombination via tail states is included, the dependence of charge-carrier concentration on voltage is distinctly different from the case of band-to-band recombination and the dependence of recombination current on //carrier concentration[載流子密度] to a power higher than 2 can be explained. ©2011 American Physical Society # In probability theory, heavy-tailed distributions are probability distributions whose tails are not exponentially bounded[有界]:[1] that is, they have //heavier tails[較重的不可忽視的尾巴] than the exponential distribution. In many applications it is the right tail of the distribution that is of interest, but a distribution may have a heavy left tail, or both tails may be heavy. There are three important subclasses[小類] of heavy-tailed distributions, the fat-tailed distributions[粗尾分布], the long-tailed distributions and the subexponential distributions[亞指數(shù)分布]. //In practice [實(shí)際上/], all commonly [=normally/]used heavy-tailed distributions belong to the subexponential class. There is still some discrepancy[不一致] over the use of the term heavy-tailed. There are two other definitions in use. Some authors use the term to refer to those distributions which do not have all their power[??????] moments[???????] finite[有限的]; and some others to those distributions that do not have a //finite variance[有限方差/]. The definition given in this article is the most general in use, and includes all distributions encompassed by the alternative definitions, as well as those distributions such as log-normal [對(duì)數(shù)正態(tài)分布] that possess all their power moments, yet which are generally acknowledged to be heavy-tailed. (Occasionally, heavy-tailed is used for any distribution that has heavier tails than the normal distribution.) |
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