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Keeping in mind the above principles of green chemistry, ILs(離子液體) have attracted much attention in the scientific community (chemists, biologists, and other related workers) during the past two decades or so. Here, in this mini review we are presenting recent developments (e.g. 1999 to 2009 also if scanty work is there deviations are made) in selected carbon-carbon bond forming reactions such as Knoevenagel, Michael Aldol, Biginelli Reaction, and so on. Before we proceed further, we provide some background information about these new solvents promoted as future green solvents of the present century. Historically, ILs are mentioned as molten salts and this dates back to 1914 or even before (35), when the first ionic liquid was reported. However, its earliest use was as a propellant in warfare specifically-ethylammonium nitrate. Though there are no hard and fast rules layed down, there are considered to be ionic salts substances having a melting point up to 1008C. They are certainly advocated to have the following properties, which have generated a voluminous body of research (36-45): (1) Unlike conventional solvents, they are not volatile and do not have any vapor pressure; (2) They are stable over a long temperature range; (3) They can be called universal solvents, as they can dissolve a range of organic compounds; (4) They can dissolve even gases like H2, CO, O2, and CO2. They can be used even under supercritical CO2; (5) In ILs, the solubility determining factors are cations and anions of which these are composed; (6) They do not participate in co-ordination with metal complexes, macrocycles like enzymes, etc; (7) Mainly, the ionic character of ILs accelerates the rate of reaction even under MW irradiations; (8) They are stable and can be stored without decomposition for a long time; (9) ILs have found extensive use in the control of stereoselectivity. (10) The viscosity of ILs derived form imidazoles can be manipulated by variations in branching. Because of these attractive properties, ILs are employed in a broad area of applications listed below (46-71): (1) Solvent extraction (46); (2) Physico-chemical processes (47); (3) ILs as media for nucleophilic substitution reactions (47); (4) As mobile phase modifier in HPLC (48); (5) Electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors in ILs (49); (6) Chemical analysis (50); (7) Dye-sensitized solar cells (51, 52); (8) ILs for the nuclear fuel cycle: electrodeposition and extraction (53); (9) Nuclear-based separations (54); (10) Oil shale processing (55); (11) Separation of petrochemical relevance (56); (12) Synthesis of functional nanoparticles and other inorganic nanostructures (57); (13) ILs as solvents for electrochemistry (58); (14) ILs as solvents for polymerization processes (59); (15) Chemical and biochemical transformations (60); (16) materials chemistry (61); (17) Biocatalysts in ILs (62-71). There are many types of ILs available commercially and some of these that are conveniently available and used in organic synthesis. The following selected classes are given below as a reference for the readers and some of these are often used in the reactions presented in this paper. |

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考慮到綠色化學(xué)的以上一些原則,在過去的二十年間,離子液體吸引了科學(xué)界的注意力(例如化學(xué)家,生物學(xué)家以及其他從事科學(xué)相關(guān)的工作者)。這里,在這個簡短的綜述當(dāng)中,我們給出了最近的一些關(guān)于選定的一些C-C鍵反應(yīng)的發(fā)展(例如1999年到2009年關(guān)于這些方面的稀缺工作)如Knoevenagel反應(yīng)、Michael羥醛反應(yīng)、Biginelli 反應(yīng)等等。在我們繼續(xù)前進(jìn)之前,我們介紹了一些在當(dāng)今化學(xué)當(dāng)中作為將來綠色化學(xué)溶劑的一些新型溶劑的背景資料。有史以來,離子液體都被視作為熔融鹽,而這要追述到1914年或者更早(35),那時第一篇離子液體的文章報道。然而它最早是用于戰(zhàn)爭中,作為一種燃料的推進(jìn)劑。盡管關(guān)于這些物質(zhì)沒有準(zhǔn)確的理論,但是一般認(rèn)為離子鹽有高于1008攝氏度的熔點。他們認(rèn)為這些物質(zhì)具有以下的一些性質(zhì),并作出了大量的研究(36-45): (1)不像傳統(tǒng)溶劑,他們不揮發(fā),完全沒有蒸汽壓。 (2)它們在一個很長的溫度范圍內(nèi)都能夠穩(wěn)定存在。 (3)可以叫它萬能溶劑,因為它能夠溶解大部分有機(jī)化合物。 (4)它們可以溶解H2、CO、CO、CO2。并且可以運(yùn)用于超臨界流體的CO2狀態(tài)下。 (5)在離子液體中,決定溶解性的因素是構(gòu)成這些離子液體的陽離子和陰離子。 (6)它們不參與復(fù)合金屬配合反應(yīng),以及大環(huán)內(nèi)物質(zhì)配合反應(yīng)如酶等等。 (7)總的來說是離子液體的離子的性質(zhì)促進(jìn)了反應(yīng)的速率,即使是在百萬瓦特的輻射下。 (8)它們穩(wěn)定,能夠長時保存而不分解。 (9)離子液體被廣泛應(yīng)用于控制立體選擇性。 (10)咪唑內(nèi)衍生物離子液體的粘性可以由其合成分支的不同來控制。 由于其優(yōu)良的性質(zhì),離子液體被廣泛的應(yīng)用于以下的一些領(lǐng)域(46-71) (1)溶劑萃。46); (2)物化過程(47); (3)離子液體是一種親核反應(yīng)媒介(47); (4)作為高效液相色譜的流動相(48); (5)在離子液體中電沉積金屬以及半導(dǎo)體(49); (6)化學(xué)分析(50); (7)染料敏化的太陽能電池(51,52); (8)離子液體在核燃料循環(huán)中:電沉積以及提。53); (9)原子基分離(54); (10)油頁巖加工(55); (11)分離石油化學(xué)相關(guān)產(chǎn)品(56); (12)合成納米功能離子以及其他的無機(jī)納米結(jié)構(gòu)(57); (13)離子液體作為電化學(xué)反應(yīng)的溶劑(58); (14)離子液體作為聚合過程的溶劑(59); (15)化學(xué)以及生物轉(zhuǎn)化(60); (16)材料化學(xué)(61); (17)在離子液體中的生物催化劑(62-71)。 有許多種類型的離子液體在商業(yè)上是可以得到的,在這些當(dāng)中有些很容易得到并且已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于無機(jī)合成當(dāng)中。接下來選出的一類是給讀者作為一種參考,并且其中的一些經(jīng)常應(yīng)用于本文所提到的一些反應(yīng)中。 |

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