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Aim: Sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG), a candidate anti-AIDS drug, inhibited HIV replication and interfered with HIV entry into host T lymphocytes. SPMG has high binding affinity for the transactivating factor of the HIV-1 virus (Tat) via its basic domain. However, deletion or substitution of the basic domain affected, but did not completely eliminated Tat-SPMG interactions. Here, we sought to identify other SPMG binding sites in addition to the basic domain. Methods: The potential SPMG binding sites were determined using molecular simulation and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based competitive inhibition assay. The effect of SPMG on Tat induced adhesion was evaluated using a cell adhesion assay. Results: The KKR domain, a novel high-affinity heparin binding site, was identified, which consisted of a triad of Lys12, Lys41, and Arg78. The KKR domain, spatially enclosed SPMG binding site on Tat, functions as another binding domain for SPMG. Further functional evaluation demonstrated that SPMG inhibits Tat-mediated SLK cell adhesion by directly binding to the KKR region. Conclusion: The KKR domain is a novel high-affinity binding domain for SPMG. Our findings provide important new insights into the molecular mechanisms of SPMG and a potential therapeutic intervention for Tat-induced cell adhesion. |
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目的:硫酸多糖聚古羅糖脂(SPMG)作為一個抗艾滋的候選藥物,可以抑制艾滋病毒的復(fù)制,并且干擾艾滋病毒進(jìn)入主導(dǎo)的T淋巴細(xì)胞。SPMG可通過它的基本域?qū)IV-1病毒的抗原因子產(chǎn)生高度的親和力。然而,雖然該基本域具有消耗性和替代性的影響,但卻不會完全消除Tat-SPMG的相互作用。在此,除了該基本域以外,我們尋求識別另一個SPMG的親和位點(diǎn)。 方法:我們將在競爭性抑制測定法的基礎(chǔ)上,采用分子模擬及表面等離子體共振檢測SPMG的潛在結(jié)合位點(diǎn)。并通過細(xì)胞黏附試驗(yàn)來評價SPMG在Tat上的誘導(dǎo)性黏附作用。 結(jié)果:一個新型的高親和力肝素結(jié)合位點(diǎn)——KKR域,被識別了。它是由LYS12,LYS14及ARG78三者聯(lián)合組成。KKR域是SPMG在Tat上一個空間封閉的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),作用類似于另一個SPMG的結(jié)合域。進(jìn)一步的功能性評價證明:SPMG抑制Tat介導(dǎo)的SLK細(xì)胞黏附作用與KKR區(qū)域有直接的關(guān)聯(lián)。 結(jié)論:KKR域是SPMG的一個新型高親和力結(jié)合域。我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)為SPMG的分子機(jī)制及Tat誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞黏附作用的潛在治療性干預(yù)作用提供了重要的新視野。 |

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