版塊導(dǎo)航: 正在加載中...

登錄注冊

應(yīng)《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全法》要求，自2017年10月1日起，未進(jìn)行實(shí)名認(rèn)證將不得使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)跟帖服務(wù)。為保障您的帳號能夠正常使用，請盡快對帳號進(jìn)行手機(jī)號驗(yàn)證，感謝您的理解與支持！

24小時(shí)熱門版塊排行榜

返回列表

lucy107

新蟲 (初入文壇)

應(yīng)助: 0 (幼兒園)
金幣: 17
帖子: 11
在線: 2.6小時(shí)
蟲號: 3442958
注冊: 2014-09-26
專業(yè): 環(huán)境化工

[交流] Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and Ketones
The ability of the carbonyl group C=O to combine not only with a large variety of carbon frameworks but also with heteroatoms and heteroatom groups results in the proliferation of carbonyl compounds throughout the organic chemical world. The carbonyl group is present in many substances of biological and commercial importance, and carbonyl compounds provide the essential ingredients for a large number of organic syntheses. The chemistry of carbonyl compounds, occupies a central place in the study of organic chemistry.
醛或酮
由于羰基不僅和大量各種各樣的碳框架結(jié)合，而且可以和雜原子、雜原子基團(tuán)結(jié)合，因此導(dǎo)致了整個(gè)有機(jī)化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中羰基化合物的增殖。羰基存在于很多生物和商業(yè)的重要物質(zhì)中，并且羰基化合物給大量的有機(jī)合成提供了重要的原料。因此，羰基化合物的化學(xué)作用在有機(jī)化學(xué)研究中占據(jù)一席之地。
Carbonyl compounds, represented by the general structure 1 are conveniently classified on the basis of groups that are attached to the carbonyl function. The attached groups are classified as follows:
(1) Type A groups: Hydrogen or organic frameworks in which the carbon attached to the
C = 0 is sp3-hybridized. This includes H—and alkyl groups, such as CH3—, CH3CH2—, (CH3)3C—, and substituted alkyl groups, such as C6H5CH2—, C13C—, HOCH2CH2—, etc.
(2) Type B and B‘ groups: Organic frameworks to which the carbon attached to the C = 0 is sp2-or sp-hybridized. If the attached group is C = C—or C^C—, it is designated as a type B group; if it is an aryl ring it is classed as a type B' group.
(3) Type C groups: Groups other than carbon or hydrogen. This include halogen,—OH,—NH2, etc.
（1) A型基團(tuán)：氫或碳框架其中連接在C=O的C是sp3雜化的。這包括H—和烷基基團(tuán)，如CH3—, CH3CH2—, (CH3)3C—和可取代的烷基基團(tuán)，如C6H5CH2—, C13C—, HOCH2CH2—,等等。
（2）B和B’型基團(tuán)：碳框架中連接C=O的C是sp2-或sp-雜化的。如果連接基團(tuán)是C = C或 C^C，它被指定為B型基團(tuán)。如果它是一個(gè)芳香環(huán)，它被歸到了B基團(tuán)類型。
（3）C型基團(tuán)：除了碳或氫以外的其他基團(tuán)，它包括了鹵素—OH,—NH2, 等等。
Various combination of the attached groups G and G' lead to all the known types of carbonyl compounds. The present article is concerned only with those compounds in which the G groups are hydrogen (type A group), alkyl functions (type A group), and alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl function (type B and B' groups), these combinations representing aldehydes and ketones (i.e., type AA, AB, and BB' ketones).
連接G and G'基團(tuán)的不同組合導(dǎo)致所有已知羥基化合物類型。本文關(guān)注的只是那些G基團(tuán)是H（A型基團(tuán)），具有烷基官能團(tuán)（A型基團(tuán)），和烯基、炔基或芳基官能團(tuán)（B 和 B'型基團(tuán)的化合物，這些組合表示醛和酮（AA, AB, and BB'型基團(tuán)）。
As a result of polarization of the carbonyl group . aldehydes and ketones have a marked tendency to add nucleophilic species (Lewis base) to the carbonyl carbon, followed by the addition of an electrophilic species (Lewis acids) to carbonyl oxygen: the reactions are classed as 1,2-nucleophilic addition.
作為羰基極化的結(jié)果，醛和酮有向羰基的碳上加親核加成（路易斯堿）然后在羰基的氧上親電加成（路易斯酸）的明顯趨勢，這種反應(yīng)被叫做1，2親核加成。
The position of the overall equilibrium is dependent on the nucleophilic: the stronger is the nucleophile, the farther the reaction proceeds to completion. Thus, certain carbon nucleophiles add so efficiently that for all practical purposes, the reactions are irreversible, whereas halogen nucleophiles add so inefficiently that, for all practical purpose, the reactions don't proceed at all.
整體平衡位置取決于親核試劑：親核試劑越強(qiáng)，反應(yīng)進(jìn)行的越完全。因此，某些碳親核試劑的加成效率非常高，以致反應(yīng)實(shí)際上是不可逆的，而鹵素親核試劑的加成效率卻很低，實(shí)際上反應(yīng)完全不能進(jìn)行。

回復(fù)此樓

» 猜你喜歡

323求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有6人回復(fù)
一志愿北京化工大學(xué) 070300 學(xué)碩 336分求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有4人回復(fù)
352求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有3人回復(fù)
一志愿東華大學(xué)化學(xué)070300，求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有8人回復(fù)
277材料科學(xué)與工程080500求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有7人回復(fù)
317求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有18人回復(fù)
293求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有5人回復(fù)
280分求調(diào)劑一志愿085802 已經(jīng)有7人回復(fù)
0854電子信息求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有3人回復(fù)
263求調(diào)劑已經(jīng)有4人回復(fù)

» 本主題相關(guān)商家推薦: (我也要在這里推廣)

1樓 2014-10-17 19:43:25

已閱回復(fù)此樓關(guān)注TA 給TA發(fā)消息送TA紅花 TA的回帖

智能機(jī)器人

Robot (super robot)

我們都愛小木蟲

找到一些相關(guān)的精華帖子，希望有用哦~

海外有機(jī)資源第48本Chemistry forToday:General, Organic,and Biochemistry pdf 7th 已經(jīng)有61人回復(fù)
【英美經(jīng)典教材】《Organic Chemistry_Structure and Function》【完整版】已經(jīng)有62人回復(fù)
殼聚糖戊二醛交聯(lián) 已經(jīng)有15人回復(fù)
求助酮的拆分方法已經(jīng)有16人回復(fù)
【討論】請推薦一本TLC顯色劑的英文書已經(jīng)有3人回復(fù)
【求助】50金求NABH4還原合成此化合物的合成方法（其它方法也行）已經(jīng)有41人回復(fù)
【求助】硼氫化鈉、氰基硼氫化鈉、三乙酰氧基硼氫化鈉用法的區(qū)別！已經(jīng)有5人回復(fù)

點(diǎn)擊這里搜索更多相關(guān)資源

科研從小木蟲開始，人人為我，我為人人

相關(guān)版塊跳轉(zhuǎn) 我要訂閱樓主 lucy107 的主題更新