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lucy107新蟲 (初入文壇)
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Macromolecules 1. Historical Background It would not be appropriate to complete a study of the subject of organic chemistry without including an introduction to the chemistry of macro-molecules, and their preparation and properties. Macromolecules, as the name implies, are molecules much larger than the simple, small molecules that the subject of organic chemistry has dealt with thus far. The term high polymer is also used to identify these large molecules. High polymers are materials possessing an average molecular weight above 10,000. 大分子 1. 歷史背景 完成一項有機(jī)化學(xué)研究如果不包括大分子化學(xué)的介紹和它們的制備與性能，這是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹４蠓肿�，正如名字所說，分子量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比迄今為止有機(jī)化學(xué)所研究的簡單的小分子大得多。通常用它們的高聚物來確定這些大分子。高聚物是一類平均分子量在10000以上的高分子材料。 Organic chemists are inclined to refer to certain structures as "dimers", trimers", "tetramers'.etc. The rapid development of the plastics, rubber, and synthetic fibers industries during the past several decades has created such a iemand for chemists to work in these areas that, at the present, approximately half of the chemists in the United States ultimately do research or development work in the polymer field. 有機(jī)化學(xué)家傾向于把某些結(jié)構(gòu)稱為二聚物，三聚物，四聚物等等。在過去的數(shù)十年里，塑料、橡膠和合成纖維工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展對工作在這些領(lǐng)域的化學(xué)家產(chǎn)生了如此大的需求�，F(xiàn)在美國基本上有大約一半的化學(xué)家最終在聚合物領(lǐng)域做研發(fā)工作。 Even though it is not all unusual to find synthetic polymers having relative average molecular weights greater than 1,000,000 and naturally occurring polymers having relative molecular weights of several million, it was not until the middle of the 1920~1930 decade that naturally occurring substances such as rubber, cellulose, and the proteins, as well as certain synthetic materials, already well known, were considered macromolecules.1. It is not appropriate in this limited discussion to introduce the interesting arguments, both pro and con, which finally led to the acceptance of the macromolecular hypothesis; however, it should be stated that the brilliant work of Nobel Laureate Dr. Hermann Staudinger played an overwhelming role in its final acceptance. 雖然發(fā)現(xiàn)平均相對分子質(zhì)量大于1,000,000的合成聚合物和相對分子質(zhì)量為幾百萬的天然聚合物并非稀罕之事，但是直到1920~1930年的中期，天然存在的物質(zhì)如橡膠、纖維和蛋白質(zhì)以及某些眾所周知的合成物質(zhì)才被認(rèn)為是大分子。在這個有限的討論中，從正反兩方面介紹有趣的爭論是不適合的。這些爭論最后都導(dǎo)致接受大分子的假說。但是必須指出，諾貝爾資金獲得者H’施陶丁格博士（Dr Hermanil Staudinger)輝煌成就對最后接受這個假說起了決定性的作用。 Although the above date marks the beginning of the modern synthetic polymer era, polymers, both synthetic and natural, although they were not widely recognized as such, found wide utility prior to this date3. . Among the early applications must be included the well known natural fibers, cellulose(cotton fiber)and wool(protein fiber), and the use of natural rubber for erasers and rubberized fabrics, even prior to Goodyear's acclaimed vulcanization experiment in 1839。 其它有網(wǎng)狀聚合物，其中不全是鏈狀結(jié)構(gòu)。它可以比作無規(guī)定向的一組鏈子，這些鏈子間隔地以不規(guī)則的方式連在一起。在這些早期應(yīng)用中包括眾所周知的天然纖維，纖維素（棉質(zhì)）纖維和羊毛（蛋白質(zhì)纖維），并且天然橡膠對于橡皮和膠布的應(yīng)用甚至比古德伊爾在1839年宣布的硫化橡膠實驗還要早。 |
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