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[交流] Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Introduction to Organic Chemistry
1. Sources of Organic Compounds
The major sources of organic chemicals are coal, petroleum, and agricultural products. Both coal and petroleum were formed through the geologic processes of changing animal and plant remains into carbon-containing residues. About one-third of all organic chemicals are derived from coal and about one-half from the petroleum industry.
有機(jī)化學(xué)簡介
1.有機(jī)化合物的起源
有機(jī)化合物的主要來源是煤、石油和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。煤和石油都是通過地質(zhì)過程將動(dòng)物和植物殘余物轉(zhuǎn)化為含碳?xì)堅(jiān)４蠹s1/3有機(jī)化學(xué)品由煤形成，1/2由石油工業(yè)形成。

2. The Methods and Objectives of Organic Chemistry
Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds, it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive. Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds. For each group or family of compounds often called homologous series of compounds, structural features are important. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know the identities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More importantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form the molecule must also be known. Once the identities of the elements and the number of atoms present in each of these elements have been established, structural studies are quite important. They require considerable effort and ingenuity on the part of the organic chemist.
2.有機(jī)化學(xué)的方法和目標(biāo)
因?yàn)橐阎挠袡C(jī)化合物的數(shù)目極大，而且還在逐日合成更多的品種，所以有機(jī)化學(xué)不是研究單個(gè)的化合物，而是把彼此密切關(guān)聯(lián)的化合物按類或族來研究。很明顯，以前的方法并不可取。一旦掌握了某類或族化合物中某些典型化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，也就掌握了該族化合物中任一化合物甚至包括一些尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。對(duì)于被稱為同系物的每一族或類化合物來說，結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)非常重要。在研究有機(jī)化學(xué)時(shí)，只知道某一分子中含有哪些元素以及各元素的原子數(shù)還是不夠的。一旦掌握了元素的種類以及這些元素中每一元素的原子數(shù)，那么結(jié)構(gòu)研究就非常重要。這些研究需要有機(jī)化學(xué)家相當(dāng)大的努力和智慧。
Another important phase of the study of organic chemistry is communication, or exchange of information, among organic chemists. This requires the acquisition of adequate vocabulary and terminology so that any one of the more than a million known compounds, or any one of the yet unsynthesized compounds, can be discussed intelligently on an individual basis. This requires a highly systematized method of naming organic compounds. This science of nomenclature has received considerable attention during the development of organic chemistry, and it will constitute a second important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds to be studied.
研究有機(jī)化學(xué)另一個(gè)重要的方面是有機(jī)化學(xué)家有關(guān)有機(jī)化學(xué)的交流或信息交換。這就需要熟悉足夠的詞匯和術(shù)語，以便能對(duì)百萬種以上已知的以及目前尚未合成的化合物中的任一化合物，逐個(gè)進(jìn)行充分的討論，給有機(jī)化合物命名需要高度系統(tǒng)化的方法。在有機(jī)化學(xué)的發(fā)展過程中，科學(xué)命名法受到了重大的關(guān)注，它將構(gòu)成將要研究的與同系列化合物相關(guān)的一些問題當(dāng)中另一個(gè)重要問題。

A third important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds is procurement. Many organic compounds, as pointed out earlier, are naturally occurring. Many others, however, are not found in nature, and must be synthesized or prepared from compounds which can be obtained from natural sources. The term "synthesis" means building up of a molecule from smaller units. It is more often used, however, to mean the chemical process of changing or converting an available compound into the desired compound, either in the laboratory or on a larger scale, as in a manufacturing plant. This general topic can be described as "Methods of Synthesis"
與化合物同系列的相關(guān)的另一個(gè)重要的方面是如何合成。很多有機(jī)化合物，如前面指出的，是自然形成的。然而許多其它化合物，不能在大自然中找到，必須用以自然中得到的化合物來合成。合成是用更小的單元組建成分子。然而，它通常多被用來表達(dá)將一種可得到的化合物轉(zhuǎn)變或轉(zhuǎn)換為一種不可得到的化合物的化學(xué)過程，這個(gè)過程要么發(fā)生在實(shí)驗(yàn)室，要么發(fā)生在一個(gè)更大的規(guī)模中，比如制造工廠。一般合成被描述為合成和方法。
3. Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds
The chemistry of biological systems is very complicated and the organic compounds present are numerous and constitute complex mixtures. Consequently, isolation of a pure chemical species from any one of the major sources of organic matter requires elaborate and painstaking isolation procedures. Therefore, a major portion of the effort of organic chemists over the years has been devoted to improving methods for isolation and purification of organic compounds.
3.未知有機(jī)化合物的鑒別
生物化學(xué)系統(tǒng)是非常復(fù)雜的，并且現(xiàn)有的有機(jī)化合物眾多且組成復(fù)雜的混合物。因此
從任何一個(gè)有機(jī)物質(zhì)的主要來源中分離一個(gè)純粹的化學(xué)物質(zhì)需要一個(gè)詳盡精細(xì)的程序。
因此，有機(jī)化學(xué)家經(jīng)過多年努力致力于有機(jī)化合物分離和提純的改進(jìn)。

In summary, the following four steps are required in order to completely identify any organic
compound isolated for the first time from a natural source or produced for the first time in
the laboratory
( 1 ) Isolation of the compound from the mixture of organic or inorganic compounds among
which it may be foundfollowed by application of appropriate criteria of purity.
(2)Establishment of its empirical and molecular formulas by use of appropriate methods of
qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and molecular weight determination
(3)Proposal of a structural formula physical examination of the compound as the result of
appropriate chemical and
(4)Synthesis of the compound by an unambiguous method as confirmation of the proposed
structural formula
總之，需要經(jīng)過以下四個(gè)步驟才能完整地鑒定任何首次從自然資源中分離出來或首次在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中合成的有機(jī)化合物。
（1）將這種物質(zhì)從發(fā)現(xiàn)它的有機(jī)或無機(jī)混合物中分離出來，然后應(yīng)用適當(dāng)?shù)募兌葮?biāo)準(zhǔn)。
（2）通過適當(dāng)?shù)亩ㄐ远糠治龇椒▉泶_立結(jié)構(gòu)式和經(jīng)驗(yàn)式。
（3）對(duì)該物質(zhì)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)幕瘜W(xué)和物理檢測，根據(jù)所得出的結(jié)果提出一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)式。
（4）用一個(gè)清楚的方法合成該化合物來證明你所提出的結(jié)構(gòu)式。

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