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[資源]
不銹鋼腐蝕開裂的研究方法（英文版）
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Methodology of Crevice Corrosion Testing for Stainless Steels in Natural and Treated Seawaters Crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments, particularly sea water, poses a serious threat to the integrity of stainless steels and has been responsible for many failures. The need for a reliable test method to measure the susceptibility of passive metals to crevice corrosion in sea water has been addressed recently in a major European Programme, CREVCORR. This work was coordinated by Bard Espelid of DNV (Norway) and involved collaboration between ten different companies in six European countries. Many members of EFC Working Party 9 (Marine Corrosion) participated in the work. The first nine chapters of the book describe the development of the new crevice corrosion test method for plate and tubular materials and its application to a number of austenitic, ferritic and duplex stainless steels. A key aim was to develop a crevice corrosion test procedure where the biological activity and oxidation capacity of natural and treated sea waters are simulated electrochemically. Another important aspect of the work was to formulate a new synthetic sea water capable of simulating the corrosiveness of natural and treated sea waters, including the effects of the bio-films that can form in natural waters. The final chapter presents the results of two large collaborative test programmes involving a total of 19 laboratories in eight countries worldwide. These involved tests in natural and synthetic sea waters to evaluate the new crevice test and synthetic sea water. The book will be of value to scientists and engineers engaged in the selection of stainless steels for applications in sea water and other chlorinated natural environments Series introduction x Volumes in the EFC series xii Preface xvii 1 Crevice corrosion from a historical perspective 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The mechanism 1 1.3 The ferric chloride test 2 1.4 Field tests 3 1.5 Electrochemical tests 5 1.6 Conclusions 6 2 Objectives and background 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Establishment of the state-of-the-art 9 2.3 Formulation of a new synthetic seawater 9 2.4 Electrochemically controlled crevice corrosion test 10 2.5 Inter-comparison testing 10 3 Laboratory calibration 12 3.1 ‘Calibration’ of participating laboratories in the project 12 3.2 Experimental procedure 12 3.3 Test results 12 3.3.1 Weight loss 12 3.3.2 Number of etchings/attacks 13 3.3.3 Maximum depth of attack 16 3.4 Conclusions from the ‘calibration’ test 16 4 Crevice formers for specimens of plate material 17 4.1 Optimisation of test parameters of importance for crevice corrosion testing 17 5 Crevice corrosion testing of tubes 21 5.1 Introduction 21 5.2 Experimental 22 5.2.1 Materials 22 5.2.2 Design of crevice former 22 5.2.3 Finite Element Method Modelling 23 5.2.4 Crevice corrosion testing 23 5.3 Results 24 5.3.1 Finite Element Method modelling 24 5.3.2 Crevice corrosion testing 24 5.4 Discussion 26 5.4.1 Specimen area 27 5.4.2 Crevice former 27 5.4.3 Clamping force 27 5.4.4 Proposed crevice former procedure for tube specimens 28 5.5 Crevice corrosion testing of stainless steel tubes applied as umbilicals 28 5.6 Conclusions from crevice corrosion testing of tubes 28 6 Formulation of new synthetic seawater for aerobic environments 30 6.1 Introduction 30 6.2 Experimental 31 6.3 Electrochemical tests 32 6.4 Crevice corrosion experiments 33 6.4.1 After test examination 34 6.4.2 Chemical method versus the biochemical method 34 6.4.3 Infl uence of the tank material 38 6.4.4 Infl uence of the cathodic area 39 6.4.5 Infl uence of stainless steel grades 39 6.4.6 Infl uence of chemicals and biochemicals 40 6.4.7 Infl uence of temperature 41 6.4.8 Infl uence of the crevice holder system 41 6.5 Conclusion 42 7 Simulation of anaerobic environments 44 7.1 Introduction 44 7.2 Experimental 44 7.3 Results and discussion 46 7.3.1 Infl uence of the polarisation scanning rate 46 7.3.2 Breakdown potentials in sterile aerated seawater 48 7.3.3 Breakdown potentials in anaerobic seawater with SRB 50 7.3.4 Breakdown potentials Na2S solution 51 7.4 Conclusion 52 8 Synergy of aerobic and anaerobic conditions 53 8.1 Introduction 53 8.2 Synergy of aerobic and anaerobic biofi lms on EN 1.4404 54 8.3 Synergy of aerobic and anaerobic biofi lms on EN 1.4462 and EN 1.4547 57 8.4 Laboratory simulation of the synergy 58 8.5 Conclusion 58 9 Electrochemical simulation of aerobic environments with or without chlorine 60 9.1 Electrochemical simulation of biofi lm effects and treatment of seawaters 60 9.2 Conclusions from activities related to electrochemical simulation of natural and treated seawaters 66 10 Profi ciency of crevice corrosion methods: inter-comparison tests 67 10.1 Introduction 67 10.2 Experimental 68 10.2.1 Materials 68 10.2.2 Test procedure – general 68 10.2.3 Synthetic biochemical seawater tests 69 10.2.4 Natural seawater tests 70 10.3 Results 71 10.3.1 Natural seawater tests 71 10.3.2 Synthetic biochemical seawater tests 78 10.4 Discussion 78 10.4.1 Natural seawater 78 10.4.2 Spring loaded crevice formers 81 10.4.3 Corrosivity of the synthetic biochemical seawater versus natural seawater 83 10.4.4 Synthetic biochemical seawater and Critical Crevice Temperature 84 10.5 Conclusion 87 Appendix A Calibration procedures for crevice corrosion tests in 6% FeCl3 88 A.1 Scope 88 A.2 References 88 A.3 Test material 88 A.4 Test specimen 88 A.5 Specimen treatment 88 A.6 Crevice formers 88 A.7 Assembling of crevice formers 89 A.8 Apparatus 90 A.9 Test solution 90 A.10 Test temperatures 90 A.11 Procedure 92 A.12 Evaluation 92 A.13 Report 92 Appendix B Crevice corrosion tests in natural seawater and synthetic biochemical seawater: Test procedures for CREVCORR round robin tests 94 B.1 Scope 94 B.2 References 94 B.3 Test material 94 B.4 Test specimen 94 B.5 Specimen treatment 95 B.6 Crevice assembly 95 B.7 Assembly of crevice formers 95 B.8 Electrical connections and suspension method 97 B.9 Apparatus 97 B.10 Test solution 97 B.11 Test temperatures 97 B.12 Test procedure 98 |
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