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Prog in Mater Sci(IF25.87)新鮮綜述 1D nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures
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One-dimensional nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures Gordana C′ iric′-Marjanovic′ ⇑, Igor Pašti, Slavko Mentus Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia (122頁,759篇文獻(xiàn)。本文評(píng)述了近二十年來一維碳納米材料由于其獨(dú)特的物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì),在現(xiàn)代各技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。最近的研究表明:一維含氮碳材料有著深遠(yuǎn)的意義,比如:能量轉(zhuǎn)換與貯存、催化與電催化、傳感器、電子納米器件、環(huán)境保護(hù)以及生物學(xué)相關(guān)應(yīng)用。。。。。。。本綜述包括這樣幾個(gè)方面:一維含氮碳材料及復(fù)合材料的制備、結(jié)構(gòu)與性質(zhì)的關(guān)系、應(yīng)用及展望。) a b s t r a c t One-dimensional nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures (1-D NCNSs) have emerged in the past two decades as exceptionally promising nanomaterials due to their unique physical and chemical properties which enable a broad range of applications in various fields of modern technology. Recent investigations revealed that the 1-D NCNS-based materials can have a profound impact on energy conversion and storage, catalysis and electrocatalysis, sensors, electronic nanodevices, environmental protection, and biology-related applications. The aim of the present review article was to provide a comprehensive overview of scientific progress in 1-D NCNSs such as N-containing carbon nanotubes (NCNTs, e.g., single-walled (SWNCNTs), double-walled (DWNCNTs), and multiwalled NCNTs (MWNCNTs)), nanofibers (NCNFs), nanowires (NCNWs), nanorods (NCNRs), and nanohorns (NCNHs), and evaluate their future perspective. Various methods of preparation of 1-D NCNSs and their composites are summarized and discussed. The structure–properties relations of 1-D NCNSs, based on the theoretical approach and numerous relevant physico-chemical methods of characterization, were outlined. The emphasis is given to the properties of 1-D NCNSs rendered by nitrogen incorporation into the carbon matrix in order to provide deeper insight into the specific characteristics which determine materials’ performances within the specific fields of applications. Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2. Preparation of 1-D NCNSs and their composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.1. Preparation of NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.1.1. Arc-discharge and laser ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.1.2. Pyrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.1.3. Functionalization of CNTs surfaces by N-containing functional groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.1.4. Carbonization of N-containing polymer nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2.1.5. Miscellaneous methods of NCNTs preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.2. Preparation of NCNTs containing other heteroatoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.2.1. Preparation of B-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.2.2. Preparation of Si-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2.2.3. Preparation of P-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2.2.4. Preparation of O-containing NCNTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2.2.5. Preparation of S-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2.2.6. Preparation of halogen-containing NCNTs . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2.3. Preparation of NCNTs-containing composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2.3.1. Preparation of composites of NCNTs with other carbon materials . . . . . . . 89 2.3.2. Preparation of metal/NCNTs composites. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 2.3.3. Preparation of NCNTs composites with metal/metalloid oxides and other inorganic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.3.4. Preparation of composites of NCNTs with organic/bioorganic molecules and macromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2.4. Preparation of NCNHs and their composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2.5. Preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs, NCNRs and their composites . . . . . . . . . 98 2.5.1. Pyrolysis of N-containing organic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.5.2. Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in N-containing gas phase . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.5.3. Carbonization of N-containing polymer nanofibers/nanowires/nanorods. . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.5.4. Miscellaneous methods of preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs and NCNRs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2.5.5. Preparation of NCNFs, NCNWs, and NCNRs which contain other heteroatoms . . . . . . 102 2.5.6. Preparation of NCNFs-, NCNWs- and NCNRs-containing composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3. Structure–properties relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3.1. Theoretical aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.1.1. Effects of N-doping on local structure, properties and reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3.1.2. Effects of N-doping at a level of entire 1-D NCNSs entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 3.1.3. Effects of N-doping at supramolecular level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 3.2. Structural characterization and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.2.1. Morphology and dispersibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.2.2. Thermal stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 3.2.3. Raman spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 3.2.4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.2.5. Crystalline structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3.2.6. Charge transport properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4. Applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.1. Energy conversion and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4.1.1. Hydrogen storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4.1.2. Energy storage applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4.1.3. Electrocatalysis for low temperature fuel cell applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.2. Analytical applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4.2.1. Resistive gas sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 4.2.2. Electrochemical (bio)sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.3. Catalysis by 1-D NCNSs and their composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 4.4. 1-D NCNSs as adsorbents and environmental protection applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 4.5. 1-D NCNSs in (nano)electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 4.6. Biocompatibility and biology-related applications of 1-D NCNSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 4.7. Other applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 G. C′iric′-Marjanovic′ et al. / Progress in Materials Science 69 (2015) 61–182 65 5. Conclusions and outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 |
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