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[資源]
Nuclear Energy - An Introduction to the Concepts, Systems, etc. (5th ed)
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Part I BASIC CONCEPTS 1 Energy 1.1 Forces and Energy 3 1.2 Thermal Energy 5 1.3 Radiant Energy 7 1.4 The Equivalence of Matter and Energy 8 1.5 Energy and the World 9 1.6 Summary 10 1.7 Exercises 10 1.8 General References 11 1.9 References for Chapter 1 13 2 Atoms and Nuclei 2.1 Atomic Theory 14 2.2 Gases 15 2.3 The Atom and Light 15 2.4 Laser Beams 18 2.5 Nuclear Structure 19 2.6 Sizes and Masses of Nuclei 20 2.7 Binding Energy 21 2.8 Summary 23 2.9 Exercises 23 2.10 References for Chapter 2 25 3 Radioactivity 3.1 Radioactive Decay 27 3.2 The Decay Law 27 3.3 Radioactive Chains 31 3.4 Measurement of Half-Life 32 3.5 Summary 34 3.6 Exercises 34 3.7 References for Chapter 3 35 4 Nuclear Processes 4.1 Transmutation of Elements 37 4.2 Energy and Momentum Conservation 39 4.3 Reaction Rates 40 xx Contents 4.4 Particle Attenuation 44 4.5 Neutron Cross Sections 45 4.6 Neutron Migration 47 4.7 Summary 52 4.8 Exercises 52 4.9 References for Chapter 4 55 5 Radiation and Materials 5.1 Excitation and Ionization by Electrons 57 5.2 Heavy Charged Particle Stopping by Matter 58 5.3 Gamma Ray Interactions with Matter 60 5.4 Neutron Reactions 63 5.5 Summary 64 5.6 Exercises 64 5.7 References for Chapter 5 65 6 Fission 6.1 The Fission Process 67 6.2 Energy Considerations 67 6.3 Byproducts of Fission 69 6.4 Energy from Nuclear Fuels 73 6.5 Summary 73 6.6 Exercises 74 6.7 References for Chapter 6 74 7 Fusion 7.1 Fusion Reactions 76 7.2 Electrostatic and Nuclear Forces 77 7.3 Thermonuclear Reactions in a Plasma 78 7.4 Summary 80 7.5 Exercises 81 7.6 References for Chapter 7 81 Part II NUCLEAR SYSTEMS 8 Particle Accelerators 8.1 Electric and Magnetic Forces 85 8.2 High-Voltage Machines 86 8.3 Linear Accelerator 87 8.4 Cyclotron and Betatron 88 8.5 Synchrotron and Collider 90 8.6 Spallation 94 8.7 Summary 95 8.8 Exercises 95 8.9 References for Chapter 8 96 Contents xxi 9 Isotope Separators 9.1 Mass Spectrograph 99 9.2 Gaseous Diffusion Separator 100 9.3 Gas Centrifuge 105 9.4 Laser Isotope Separation 107 9.5 Separation of Deuterium 109 9.6 Summary 110 9.7 Exercises 110 9.8 References for Chapter 9 112 10 Radiation Detectors 10.1 Gas Counters 115 10.2 Neutron Detectors 116 10.3 Scintillation Counters 118 10.4 Solid State Detectors 119 10.5 Statistics of Counting 120 10.6 Pulse Height Analysis 122 10.7 Advanced Detectors 123 10.8 Summary 124 10.9 Exercises 124 10.10 References for Chapter 10 126 11 Neutron Chain Reactions 11.1 Criticality and Multiplication 128 11.2 Multiplication Factors 128 11.3 Neutron Flux and Reactor Power 134 11.4 Reactor Types 135 11.5 Reactor Operation 139 11.6 The Natural Reactor 142 11.7 Summary 142 11.8 Exercises 143 11.9 References for Chapter 11 145 12 Nuclear Heat Energy 12.1 Methods of Heat Transmission 147 12.2 Heat Generation and Removal 147 12.3 Steam Generation and Electrical Power Production 152 12.4 Waste Heat Rejection 153 12.5 Summary 158 12.6 Exercises 159 12.7 References for Chapter 12 160 13 Breeder Reactors 13.1 The Concept of Breeding 162 13.2 Isotope Production and Consumption 164 xxii Contents 13.3 The Fast Breeder Reactor 165 13.4 Breeding and Uranium Resources 169 13.5 Summary 171 13.6 Exercises 172 13.7 References for Chapter 13 172 14 Fusion Reactors 14.1 Comparison of Fusion Reactions 174 14.2 Requirements for Practical Fusion Reactors 175 14.3 Magnetic Confinement Machines 177 14.4 Inertial Confinement Machines 181 14.5 Other Fusion Concepts 185 14.6 Prospects for Fusion 187 14.7 Summary 190 14.8 Exercises 190 14.9 References for Chapter 14 191 Part III NUCLEAR ENERGY AND MAN 15 The History of Nuclear Energy 15.1 The Rise of Nuclear Physics 197 15.2 The Discovery of Fission 198 15.3 The Development of Nuclear Weapons 199 15.4 Reactor Research and Development 202 15.5 The Nuclear Controversy 204 15.6 Summary 206 15.7 References for Chapter 15 206 16 Biological Effects of Radiation 16.1 Physiological Effects 211 16.2 Radiation Dose Units 212 16.3 Basis for Limits of Exposure 215 16.4 Sources of Radiation Dosage 219 16.5 Summary 220 16.6 Exercises 220 16.7 References for Chapter 16 221 17 Information from Isotopes 17.1 Stable and Radioactive Isotopes 225 17.2 Tracer Techniques 225 17.3 Radiopharmaceuticals 227 17.4 Medical Imaging 228 17.5 Radioimmunoassay 229 17.6 Dating 230 17.7 Neutron Activation Analysis 231 Contents xxiii 17.8 Radiography 236 17.9 Radiation Gauges 238 17.10 Summary 240 17.11 Exercises 241 17.12 References for Chapter 17 242 18 Useful Radiation Effects 18.1 Medical Treatment 246 18.2 Radiation Preservation of Food 248 18.3 Sterilization of Medical Supplies 252 18.4 Pathogen Reduction 253 18.5 Crop Mutations 253 18.6 Insect Control 254 18.7 Applications in Chemistry 255 18.8 Transmutation Doping of Semiconductors 256 18.9 Neutrons in Fundamental Physics 256 18.10 Neutrons in Biological Studies 258 18.11 Research with Synchrotron X-rays 259 18.12 Summary 260 18.13 Exercises 260 18.14 References for Chapter 18 261 19 Reactor Safety 19.1 Neutron Population Growth 264 19.2 Assurance of Safety 268 19.3 Emergency Core Cooling and Containment 274 19.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment 277 19.5 The Three Mile Island Accident and Lessons Learned 281 19.6 The Chernobyl Accident 285 19.7 Philosophy of Safety 289 19.8 Summary 291 19.9 Exercises 291 19.10 References for Chapter 19 294 20 Nuclear Propulsion 20.1 Reactors for Naval Propulsion 298 20.2 Space Reactors 300 20.3 Space Isotopic Power 302 20.4 Future Nuclear Space Applications 305 20.5 Summary 308 20.6 Exercises 309 20.7 References for Chapter 20 309 21 Radiation Protection 21.1 Protective Measures 312 xxiv Contents 21.2 Calculation of Dose 314 21.3 Effects of Distance and Shielding 315 21.4 Internal Exposure 321 21.5 The Radon Problem 322 21.6 Environmental Radiological Assessment 323 21.7 Newer Radiation Standards 325 21.8 Summary 328 21.9 Exercises 328 21.10 References for Chapter 21 330 22 Radioactive Waste Disposal 22.1 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle 333 22.2 Waste Classification 335 22.3 Spent Fuel Storage 336 22.4 Transportation 339 22.5 Reprocessing 340 22.6 High-Level Waste Disposal 343 22.7 Low-Level Waste Generation, Treatment, and Disposal 348 22.8 Environmental Restoration of Defense Sites 355 22.9 Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning 356 22.10 Summary 357 22.11 Exercises 358 22.12 References for Chapter 22 360 23 Laws, Regulations, and Organizations 23.1 The Atomic Energy Acts 364 23.2 The Environmental Protection Agency 365 23.3 The Nuclear Regulatory Commission 366 23.4 The Department of Energy 368 23.5 International Atomic Energy Agency 369 23.6 Institute of Nuclear Power Operations 370 23.7 Other Organizations 373 23.8 Energy Policy Act 376 23.9 Summary 378 23.10 References for Chapter 23 379 24 Energy Economics 24.1 Components of Electrical Power Cost 383 24.2 Forecasts and Reality 386 24.3 Challenges and Opportunities 389 24.4 Technical and Institutional Improvements 392 24.5 Effect of Deregulation and Restructuring 396 24.6 Advanced Reactors 398 24.7 Summary 401 24.8 Exercises 401 Contents xxv 24.9 References for Chapter 24 402 25 International Nuclear Power 25.1 Reactor Distribution 406 25.2 Western Europe 406 25.3 Eastern Europe and the CIS 410 25.4 The Far East 412 25.5 Other Countries 414 25.6 Summary 416 25.7 References for Chapter 25 416 26 Nuclear Explosions 26.1 Nuclear Power vs. Nuclear Weapons 419 26.2 Nuclear Explosives 420 26.3 The Prevention of Nuclear War 426 26.4 Nonproliferation and Safeguards 429 26.5 IAEA Inspections 431 26.6 Production of Tritium 432 26.7 Management of Weapons Uranium and Plutonium 433 26.8 Summary 435 26.9 Exercises 435 26.10 References for Chapter 26 436 27 The Future 27.1 Dimensions 440 27.2 World Energy Use 441 27.3 Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development 443 27.4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change 446 27.5 Perspectives 448 27.6 Research and Development 452 27.7 Summary 454 27.8 Exercises 455 27.9 References for Chapter 27 455 Appendix Conversion Factors 461 Atomic and Nuclear Data 462 Answers to Exercises 464 The Internet 467 Computer Programs 467 INDEX 471 |
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