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[資源]
Cambridge2005String theory vol.2 - Polchinski
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Foreword xiii Preface xv Notation xviii 10 Type I and type II superstrings 1 10.1 The superconformal algebra 1 10.2 Ramond and Neveu–Schwarz sectors 5 10.3 Vertex operators and bosonization 10 10.4 The superconformal ghosts 15 10.5 Physical states 20 10.6 Superstring theories in ten dimensions 25 10.7 Modular invariance 31 10.8 Divergences of type I theory 37 Exercises 43 11 The heterotic string 45 11.1 World-sheet supersymmetries 45 11.2 The SO(32) and E8 × E8 heterotic strings 49 11.3 Other ten-dimensional heterotic strings 55 11.4 A little Lie algebra 59 11.5 Current algebras 66 11.6 The bosonic construction and toroidal compactification 73 Exercises 82 12 Superstring interactions 84 12.1 Low energy supergravity 84 12.2 Anomalies 94 12.3 Superspace and superfields 103 12.4 Tree-level amplitudes 110 12.5 General amplitudes 118 ix x Contents 12.6 One-loop amplitudes 126 Exercises 134 13 D-branes 136 13.1 T-duality of type II strings 136 13.2 T-duality of type I strings 138 13.3 The D-brane charge and action 146 13.4 D-brane interactions: statics 152 13.5 D-brane interactions: dynamics 158 13.6 D-brane interactions: bound states 164 Exercises 175 14 Strings at strong coupling 178 14.1 Type IIB string and SL(2, Z) duality 179 14.2 U-duality 187 14.3 SO(32) type I–heterotic duality 190 14.4 Type IIA string and M-theory 198 14.5 The E8 × E8 heterotic string 205 14.6 What is string theory? 208 14.7 Is M for matrix? 211 14.8 Black hole quantum mechanics 219 Exercises 226 15 Advanced CFT 228 15.1 Representations of the Virasoro algebra 228 15.2 The conformal bootstrap 233 15.3 Minimal models 236 15.4 Current algebras 243 15.5 Coset models 250 15.6 Representations of the N = 1 superconformal algebra 254 15.7 Rational CFT 255 15.8 Renormalization group flows 259 15.9 Statistical mechanics 266 Exercises 271 16 Orbifolds 274 16.1 Orbifolds of the heterotic string 275 16.2 Spacetime supersymmetry 281 16.3 Examples 283 16.4 Low energy field theory 292 Exercises 300 17 Calabi–Yau compactification 302 17.1 Conditions for N = 1 supersymmetry 302 17.2 Calabi–Yau manifolds 305 17.3 Massless spectrum 312 17.4 Low energy field theory 315 Contents xi 17.5 Higher corrections 321 17.6 Generalizations 324 18 Physics in four dimensions 327 18.1 Continuous and discrete symmetries 327 18.2 Gauge symmetries 335 18.3 Mass scales 343 18.4 More on unification 351 18.5 Conditions for spacetime supersymmetry 356 18.6 Low energy actions 359 18.7 Supersymmetry breaking in perturbation theory 362 18.8 Supersymmetry beyond perturbation theory 366 Exercises 373 19 Advanced topics 375 19.1 The N = 2 superconformal algebra 375 19.2 Type II strings on Calabi–Yau manifolds 379 19.3 Heterotic string theories with (2,2) SCFT 386 19.4 N = 2 minimal models 390 19.5 Gepner models 394 19.6 Mirror symmetry and applications 402 19.7 The conifold 409 19.8 String theories on K3 415 19.9 String duality below ten dimensions 421 19.10 Conclusion 429 Exercises 429 Appendix B: Spinors and SUSY in various dimensions 430 B.1 Spinors in various dimensions 430 B.2 Introduction to supersymmetry: d = 4 439 B.3 Supersymmetry in d = 2 449 B.4 Differential forms and generalized gauge fields 450 B.5 Thirty-two supersymmetries 452 B.6 Sixteen supersymmetries 457 B.7 Eight supersymmetries 461 Exercises 466 References 467 Glossary 488 Index 518 |
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