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crc2002Fundamentals.and.Applications.of.Ultrasonic.Waves
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Contents 1 Ultrasonics: An Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Physical Acoustics 1.3 Low-Frequency Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) Applications 1.4 Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) 1.5 Piezoelectric Materials 1.6 High-Power Ultrasonics 1.7 Medical Ultrasonics 1.8 Acousto-Optics 1.9 Underwater Acoustics and Seismology 2 Introduction to V ibrations and Waves 2.1 Vibrations 2.1.1 Vibrational Energy 2.1.2 Exponential Solutions: Phasors 2.1.3 Damped Oscillations 2.1.4 Forced Oscillations 2.1.5 Phasors and Linear Superposition of Simple Harmonic Motion 2.1.6 Fourier Analysis 2.1.7 Nonperiodic Waves: Fourier Integral 2.2 Wave Motion 2.2.1 Harmonic Waves 2.2.2 Plane Waves in Three Dimensions 2.2.3 Dispersion, Group Velocity, and Wave Packets Summary Questions 3 Bulk W aves in Fluids 3.1 One-Dimensional Theory of Fluids 3.1.1 Sound Velocity 3.1.2 Acoustic Impedance 3.1.3 Energy Density 3.1.4 Acoustic Intensity 3.2 Three-Dimensional Model 3.2.1 Acoustic Poynting Vector 3.2.2 Attenuation Summary Questions © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 4 Introduction to the Theory of Elasticity 4.1 A Short Introduction to Tensors 4.2 Strain Tensor 4.3 Stress Tensor 4.4 Thermodynamics of Deformation 4.5 Hooke’s Law 4.6 Other Elastic Constants Summary Questions 5 Bulk Acoustic W aves in Solids 5.1 One-Dimensional Model of Solids 5.2 Wave Equation in Three Dimensions 5.3 Material Properties Summary Questions 6 Finite Beams, Radiation, Dif fraction, and Scattering 6.1 Radiation 6.1.1 Point Source 6.1.2 Radiation from a Circular Piston 6.2 Scattering 6.2.1 The Cylinder 6.2.2 The Sphere 6.3 Focused Acoustic Waves 6.4 Radiation Pressure 6.5 Doppler Effect Summary Questions 7 Refl ection and Transmission of Ultrasonic Waves at Interfaces 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence 7.2.1 Standing Waves 7.2.2 Reflection from a Layer 7.3 Oblique Incidence: Fluid-Fluid Interface 7.3.1 Symmetry Considerations 7.4 Fluid-Solid Interface 7.5 Solid-Solid Interface 7.5.1 Solid-Solid Interface: SH Modes 7.5.2 Reflection at a Free Solid Boundary Summary Questions © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 8 Rayleigh W aves 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Rayleigh Wave Propagation 8.3 Fluid Loaded Surface 8.3.1 Beam Displacement 8.3.2 Lateral Waves: Summary of Leaky Rayleigh Waves 8.3.3 Stoneley Waves at a Liquid-Solid Interface Summary Questions 9 Lamb W aves 9.1 Potential Method for Lamb Waves 9.2 Fluid Loading Effects 9.2.1 Fluid-Loaded Plate: One Side 9.2.2 Fluid-Loaded Plate: Same Fluid Both Sides 9.2.3 Fluid-Loaded Plate: Different Fluids 9.2.4 Fluid-Loaded Solid Cylinder 9.2.5 Fluid-Loaded Tubes Summary Questions 10 Acoustic W aveguides 10.1 Introduction: Partial Wave Analysis 10.2 Waveguide Equation: SH Modes 10.3 Lamb Waves 10.4 Rayleigh Waves 10.5 Layered Substrates 10.5.1 Love Waves 10.5.2 Generalized Lamb Waves 10.5.3 Stoneley Waves 10.6 Multilayer Structures 10.7 Free Isotropic Cylinder 10.8 Waveguide Configurations 10.8.1 Overlay Waveguides 10.8.2 Topographic Waveguides 10.8.3 Circular Fiber Waveguides Summary Questions 1 1 Crystal Acoustics 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Cubic System 11.2 Group Velocity and Characteristic Surfaces © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 1 1.3 Piezoelectricity 1.3.1 Introduction 11.3.2 Piezoelectric Constitutive Relations 11.3.3 Piezoelectric Coupling Factor 12 Piezoelectric T ransducers, Delay Lines, and Analog Signal Processing 12.1 Bulk Acoustic Wave Transducers 12.1.1 Unloaded Transducer 12.1.2 Loaded Transducer 12.2 Bulk Acoustic Wave Delay Lines 12.2.1 Pulse Echo Mode 12.2.2 Buffer Rod Materials 12.2.3 Acoustic Losses in Buffer Rods 12.2.4 BAW Buffer Rod Applications 12.3 Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers 12.3.1 Introduction 12.3.2 Interdigital Transducers (IDT) 12.3.3 Simple Model of SAW Transducer 12.4 Signal Processing 12.4.1 SAW Filters 12.4.2 Delay Lines 12.4.3 SAW Resonators 12.4.4 Oscillators 12.4.5 Coded Time Domain Structures 12.4.6 Convolvers 12.4.7 Multistrip Couplers (MSC) 13 Acoustic Sensors 13.1 Thickness-Shear Mode (TSM) Resonators 13.1.1 TSM Resonator in Liquid 13.1.2 TSM Resonator with a Viscoelastic Film 13.2 SAW Sensors 13.2.1 SAW Interactions 13.2.2 Acoustoelectric Interaction 13.2.3 Elastic and Viscoelastic Films on SAW Substrates 13.3 Shear Horizontal (SH) Type Sensors 13.3.1 Acoustic Plate Mode (APM) Sensors 13.3.2 SH-SAW Sensor 13.3.3 Love Mode Sensors 13.3.4 Slow Transverse Wave (STW) Sensors 13.4 Flexural Plate Wave (FPW) Sensors 13.5 Thin Rod Acoustic Sensors 13.6 Gravimetric Sensitivity Analysis and Comparison 13.7 Physical Sensing of Liquids 13.7.1 Density Sensing © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 13.7.2 Viscosity Sensing 13.7.3 Temperature Sensing 13.7.4 Flow Sensing 13.7.5 Level Sensing9 13.8 Chemical Gas Sensors 13.8.1 Introduction 13.8.2 Chemical Interfaces for Sensing 13.8.3 Sensor Arrays 13.8.4 Gas Chromatography with Acoustic Sensor Detection 13.9 Biosensing 14 Acoustic Microscopy 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Resolution 14.3 Acoustic Lens Design 14.4 Contrast Mechanisms and Quantitative Measurements 14.4.1 V ( z ) Theory 14.4.2 Reflectance Function from Fourier Inversion 14.4.3 Line Focus Beam 14.4.4 Subsurface (Interior) Imaging 14.5 Applications of Acoustic Microscopy 14.5.1 Biological Samples 14.5.2 Films and Substrates 14.5.3 NDE of Materials 14.5.4 NDE of Devices 14.6 Perspectives 15 Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) of Materials 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Surfaces 15.2.1 Principles of Rayleigh Wave NDE. 15.2.2 Generation of Rayleigh Waves for NDE 15.2.3 Critical Angle Reflectivity (CAR) 15.3 Plates 15.3.1 Leaky Lamb Waves: Dispersion Curves 15.3.2 NDE Using Leaky Lamb Waves (LLW) 15.4 Layered Structures 15.4.1 Inversion Procedures 15.4.2 Modal Frequency Spacing (MFS) Method 15.4.3 Modified Modal Frequency Spacing (MMFS) Method 15.5 Adhesion 15.6 Thickness Gauging 15.6.1 Mode-Cutoff-Based Approaches 15.7 Clad Buffer Rods © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 16 Special T opics 16.1 Multiple Scattering 16.2 Time Reversal Mirrors (TRM) 16.3 Picosecond Ultrasonics 16.4 Air-Coupled Ultrasonics 16.5 Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy 17 Cavitation and Sonoluminescence 17.1 Bubble Dynamics 17.1.1 Quasistatic Bubble Description 17.1.2 Bubble Dynamics 17.1.3 Acoustic Emission 17.1.4 Acoustic Response of Bubbly Liquids 17.2 Multibubble Sonoluminescence (MBSL) 17.2.1 Summary of Experimental Results 17.3 Single Bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL) 17.3.1 Introduction0 17.3.2 Experimental Setup 17.3.3 Bubble Dynamics 17.3.4 Key Experimental Results 17.3.5 Successful Models References Appendices A. Bessel Functions B. Acoustic Properties of Materials C. Complementary Laboratory Experiments |
Thin Film |
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