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[資源]
08新書（Solid–Liquid Two Phase Flow）
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Preface Being an ‘underpinning technology’, fluid flow closely reflects and sometimes precedes the developments of the ‘core technologies’ of the time. Only in the second half of 19th century that the term ‘two-phase flow’ was pronounced and added as a chapter to fluid mechanics and unit operations books. At that time, two-phase flow term was used predominantly to denote gas–liquid flow, which is not coincidental, as the leading technologies were nuclear and thermal, addressing mainly vapor–liquid systems. Development of secondary and tertiary oil recovery technologies in 1980s focused the attention of the scientific world on surfactants and liquid–liquid systems incorporating surfactants. The new millennium brought with it a vision toward a change in the scale of processes and dimensions from macroscale to microscale. Along with it came the need for a fundamental understanding of processes in the molecular scale, in place of empirical models. The subject of solid–liquid two-phase flow is something we live with. Man is acquainted with solid–liquid mixtures since he first made his brick house, and she, her bread. Solid–liquid systems are within us, as our blood, around us in our everyday living and in fundamental technologies such as ceramics, cement, plastics, and grain-based food industries. However, the outlook on solid–liquid systems has changed in the meantime, in parallel with the advancement in the global interests and technologies. The excellent books written on solid–liquid two-phase flow about two decades ago addressed particulate technologies of noncolloidal materials. Reduction in the scale of the particulate materials brought with it inevitable involvement in surface sciences. Inspection of the foresight and research framework contents gives an insight into the powerful role of liquid–solid interactions and two phase flow in the technologies of the future. Some new concepts are expected to be introduced in the future; for example, the ‘solid wall’ was generally meant to be the metal pipe wall, or a particle of a mineral. In the future, it may mean a surfactant bilayer, the cell membrane, or a tissue. Until that time there is a great gap to be covered. Solid–liquid two-phase flow in its present state of development is a multidisciplinary subject: The size of the particles being processed in the developing technologies has reduced from the order of micrometers to nanometers. Solid–particle interactions in this scale are investigated in the field of colloid and surface science. Interfacial phenomenon is an indispensable counterpart of the rheology of colloidal suspensions. The nonlinear rheological behavior, in turn, affects the fluid dynamics of solid–liquid mixtures. On the other hand particles of noncolloidal dimensions settle under the action of gravity. Transport phenomena together with the averaging techniques are required to analyze the flow problems of settling suspensions. The analysis of the flow of settling slurries is still not free of empiricism brought by the use of drag coefficients and friction factors. Thirty years of experience of one of the authors in teaching fluid mechanics showed us that a thorough understanding of fluid mechanics is possible only when the mechanism underlying empirical results can be explained on a molecular scale. Models can then be used for the prediction of the phenomena. The present book is written with this understanding. The Solid–Liquid Two Phase Flow book consists mainly of three parts. The first three chapters handle the flow behavior of micron and submicron particles. The next three chapters are related with particle sizes where Brownian motions are negligible. The final two chapters are related with mixing and separation processes that are an inseparable part of solid–liquid flow. Within this context, a coherent and consistent approach is adopted in interrelating the individual chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the formation of the particulate phase of colloidal suspensions starting with the molecular interactions. The role of surface forces in the aggregation of primary particles is then taken up. This chapter is fundamental in the understanding of the behavior of solid–liquid suspensions on all concentration levels and frequently referred to in the subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 gives the fundamentals of non-Newtonian flow together with examples for the visualization of flow in channels of various geometries. Chapter 3 is founded on the concepts given in Chapters 1 and 2 and extends these concepts to concentrated suspensions where the interactions between particles predominate the flow behavior. The chapter also deals with the effect of viscoelasticity of the suspending medium and the particulate phase and recapitulates these effects in the most complicated of all the flow systems, that of blood flow. Chapter 4 takes up the motion of primary and aggregated particles. In parallel with the contents of Chapter 1, the motion of porous, fractal aggregates and the particles with a nonuniform density distribution and shape are also taken into consideration. This chapter is closely interrelated with Chapters 6–8. Chapter 5 reviews mathematical tools such as Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches and averaging techniques that can be used in transport equations in analyzing dispersed systems on microscale and macroscale. Chapter 6 deals with the flow behavior of settling solids based on the concepts given in Chapters 4 and 5. The flow patterns, concentration distribution of particles in each flow pattern and the pressure losses are taken up in this chapter. Chapter 7 takes up the introduction of solids into the liquid phase. The interfacial phenomena associated with the dispersion of solids is taken up first followed by the introduction of the solid phase into the liquid phase. Principles of macroscale mixing in agitated vessels, static mixers and micromixers are then given. Chapter 8 deals with the classification of particles according to their sizes and its extension, separation of solids from the liquid phase. Principles of continuous classification processes in sedimentation, fluidization, and hydrocyclones are given as frequently used macroscale processes. Examples of novel separation processes in the microscale are also introduced in this chapter. With this content, the book gives an overview of the recent developments in solid–liquid two-phase flow. In writing the book, we tried to reach all the available literature on subjects within the scope of this book, to the best of our knowledge. We looked for experimental work supported by theoretical development or modeling work supported with experiments in the selection of material to be included within the text, whenever possible. We hope that it will be a useful guide to graduate students, researchers and professionals working in the industry who are interested in solid–liquid systems. We are grateful for the enthusiasm and support given by our graduate students, Alp Alparslan, H. Banu Yener, and Berrin I . kizler who contributed so much in shaping upthis book. The help of our graduate students Volkan Çakır and Selin S¸arkaya are gratefully acknowledged. We deeply appreciate the peaceful working environment provided by Prof. Dr. Süheyda Atalay, the Head of the Chemical Engineering Department during the writing of this book. We are grateful to Prof. Dr. Mustafa Demircioglu for critical reading of some of the chapters Prof. Dr. Deniz Üner for her helpful suggestions and to Pakize Peker for her help extended in the drawing of the Figures. Suggestions by the academic members of Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology Divisions of Faculty of Medicine of Ege University are highly appreciated. This book would have never been written if it were not for the positive energy of Sybrand Boer-Iwema, Publishing Editor of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Elsevier Science Ltd. to whom we are deeply indebted. We also thank our Editors Joan Anuels and Kristi Green for their helpful suggestions, guidance and support throughout the writing of this book and Dr. M.S. Rajkumar for the careful typesetting. Finally we are thankful to our families and friends who waited patiently for us to finish the writing of this book symbolized as “Chapter 4”. Sümer M. Peker S¸erife S¸. Helvacı 下載地址： http://www.fs2you.com/files/fc4215e6-4832-11dd-a5e7-00142218fc6e/ [ Last edited by mandolin on 2008-7-3 at 08:04 ] |
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