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鯊魚999木蟲 (小有名氣)
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1 The microbiota, and the genes that comprise its microbiome, play key roles in human health. Host-microbe interactions affect immunity, metabolism, development, and behavior, and dysbiosis of gut bacteria contributes to disease. Despite advances in correlating changes in the microbiota with various conditions, specific mechanisms of host-microbiota signaling remain largely elusive. We discuss the synthesis of microbial metabolites , their absorption, and potential physiological effects on the host. We propose that the effects of specialized metabolites may explain present knowledge gaps in linking the gut microbiota to biological host mechanisms during initial colonization, and in health and disease. 2 In the human body, microbial cells outnumber eukaryotic cells by as many as ten to one (Savage, 1977) and contribute two orders of magnitude more genes to the hologenome (Gill et al., 2006; Turnbaugh et al., 2007). Their significance to host health and disease is thus unsurprising, although it was long overlooked. The bacterial metagenome contributes to production of primary metabolites and conversion of small molecules into secondary metabolites, also called "specialized metabolites." Products of bacterial metabolism are believed to modulate human health in many ways (Hooper et al., 2012, Blumberg and Powrie, 2012).Crosstalk between microbial and human metabolites influences processes such as nutrient and xenobiotic metabolism (Mauriceet al., 2013), protection against pathogens (Clarke et al., 2010),regulation of the enteric nervous system (Soret et al., 2010), immune regulation (Brestoff and Artis, 2013), resistance against colorectal cancer (Hague et al., 1995; Hinnebusch et al., 2002;Lan et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2011; Nicholson et al., 2012), andcomplex neurological behavior (Hsiao et ai., 2013) and alsoaffect lipid and cholesterol levels in serum (Berggren et al.,1996; Delzenne and Williams, 2002). Metabolic pathways operating in the human body are thus the result of the combined activities of the human genome and microbiome. 3 Diet is important to the microbiota and metabolome, as food is a major source of precursors for metabolite production. Humanized mice fed a polysaccharide-deficient diet differed in both the microbiome and metaboiome from humanized mice on regular chow (Marcobal et al., 2013). Conventionally raised mice fed the same diet were also significantly different from conventional mice fed regular chow or the humanized mice (Marcobal et al.,2013). In humans, both long-term dietary patterns (Ridauraet al., 2013; Wu et al., 2011) and rapid, extreme dietary changes(Levy and Borenstein, 2014) are reflected in the microbial communities and metagenome. In particular, amino acid intake correlates with changes to microbial communities. For example,increased amino acid intake increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and changed the metabolome (Ridaura et al.,2013; Wu et al., 2011). Individuals who ate a primarily animal-based diet with little to no fiber for two days showed decreased levels of acetate and butyrate in the gut compared to those who consumed a plant-based diet over the same period (Levy andBorenstein, 2014). |
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鯊魚999
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