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【討論】光電轉(zhuǎn)換率最高可達(dá)100% 新型太陽能電池研發(fā)成功。這消息真的假的？？ 已有30人參與
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加州理工學(xué)院近日研發(fā)出了一種新的太陽能電池，其基本原理是將細(xì)長的硅線陣列嵌入聚合物基板中。除了纖薄可彎曲外，它對太陽光的吸收和光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率方面都取得了極大地突破。此外，和傳統(tǒng)太陽能電池所需要的昂貴的半導(dǎo)體材料量相比，這種新型太陽能電池僅需要一小部分。 應(yīng)用物理學(xué)及材料學(xué)教授Harry Atwater和Howard Hughes表示：“這些太陽能電池首次突破了傳統(tǒng)的吸光材料的光捕獲極限。”新型太陽能電池所采用的硅線陣列對單一波長的入射光的吸收率高達(dá)96%，對全波長陽光的捕獲率可達(dá)85%。 Atwater指出：“許多材料對光線的捕獲能力很好，但是卻無法轉(zhuǎn)換成電能，比如黑涂料。對于太陽能電池來說，吸收的光子能否轉(zhuǎn)換為電荷載子（charge carrier）也非常重要�！倍麄冄邪l(fā)的硅線陣列太陽能電池則可以將所吸收光子的90%至100%轉(zhuǎn)換為電子。從技術(shù)上講，這種陣列擁有幾近完美的內(nèi)部量子效率（internal quantum efficiency）。 Atwater總結(jié)說：“對光的高吸收率和較好的轉(zhuǎn)換能力成就了這種太陽能電池的高質(zhì)量。” 硅線陣列中的硅線長度在30至100微米（micron）之間，直徑僅為1微米。整個陣列的厚度相當(dāng)于硅線的長度，但是從面積或體積角度來看，這種材料中只有2%才是硅，其它98%都是聚合物。由于硅是傳統(tǒng)太陽能電池中一種很昂貴的成分，所以這種只需要傳統(tǒng)所需量1/50的太陽能電池投產(chǎn)的成本將低很多。 =================================================== High-efficiency solar cells 19 February 2010 Using arrays of long, thin silicon wires embedded in a polymer substrate, a team of scientists from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) has created a new type of flexible solar cell that efficiently converts photons into electrons. ‘These solar cells have, for the first time, surpassed the conventional light-trapping limit for absorbing materials,’ said Harry Atwater, Howard Hughes professor of applied physics and materials science at Caltech. The light-trapping limit of a material refers to how much sunlight it is able to absorb. The silicon-wire arrays absorb up to 96 per cent of incident sunlight at a single wavelength and 85 per cent of total collectible sunlight. The silicon-wire arrays are able to convert between 90 and 100 per cent of the photons they absorb into electrons. The key to the success of the solar cells is their silicon wires, each of which, said Atwater, are independent highly efficient and high-quality solar cells. When brought together in an array, however, they’re even more effective, because they interact to increase the cell’s ability to absorb light. Light comes into each wire and a portion is absorbed and another portion scatters. The collective scattering interactions between the wires make the array very absorbing. This effect occurs despite the sparseness of the wires in the array - they cover only between two to 10 per cent of the cell’s surface area. The new solar cells also use only a fraction of the expensive semiconductor materials required by conventional solar cells. Just two per cent of the cell is silicon, while 98 per cent is polymer. Since the silicon material is an expensive component of a conventional solar cell, a cell that requires just two per cent of the amount of semiconductor material will be much cheaper to produce. The composite nature of these solar cells, Atwater added, means that they are also flexible. ‘Because flexible thin films can be manufactured in a roll-to-roll process, it is an inherently lower-cost process than one that involves brittle wafers like those used to make conventional solar cells,’ he said. The next steps, Atwater said, are to increase the operating voltage and the overall size of the solar cell. ‘The structures we’ve made are square centimetres in size,’ he explained. ‘We’re now scaling up to make cells that will be hundreds of square centimetres - the size of a normal cell.’ Atwater says that the team is already ’on its way’ to showing that large-area cells work just as well as these smaller versions. =================================================== 該課題組發(fā)表在Science上的最新文章 Science 8 January 2010: Vol. 327. no. 5962, pp. 185 - 187 DOI: 10.1126/science.1180783 Energy-Conversion Properties of Vapor-Liquid-Solid–Grown Silicon Wire-Array Photocathodes Shannon W. Boettcher, Joshua M. Spurgeon, Morgan C. Putnam, Emily L. Warren, Daniel B. Turner-Evans, Michael D. Kelzenberg, James R. Maiolo, Harry A. Atwater,* Nathan S. Lewis* 該課題組發(fā)表在Nature Material上的最新文章 Nature Materials 9, 239 - 244 (2010) Published online: 14 February 2010 | Corrected online: 19 February 2010 | doi:10.1038/nmat2635 Enhanced absorption and carrier collection in Si wire arrays for photovoltaic applications Michael D. Kelzenberg1, Shannon W. Boettcher1, Jan A. Petykiewicz1, Daniel B. Turner-Evans1, Morgan C. Putnam1, Emily L. Warren1, Joshua M. Spurgeon1, Ryan M. Briggs1, Nathan S. Lewis1 & Harry A. Atwater1 [ Last edited by lcazzapple on 2010-3-3 at 12:39 ] |
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