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cnlics木蟲 (小有名氣)
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【原創(chuàng)】從頭建模和從頭計(jì)算 已有6人參與
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“從頭”這個(gè)名詞,學(xué)化學(xué)的人更熟悉,量子化學(xué)、量子力學(xué)中,利用薛定諤方程解析波函數(shù),進(jìn)而計(jì)算原子、分子的能量狀態(tài)分布,是十分常見行為,這對(duì)于研究蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的人來說,實(shí)在是太有誘惑力了,因?yàn)楹茱@然地,如果能計(jì)算出蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),從實(shí)用性這一點(diǎn)來說,誰計(jì)算得多,意味著誰就能發(fā)現(xiàn)、擁有更多的藥靶。但受限于目前的計(jì)算能力,對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)或者較大的肽段進(jìn)行波函數(shù)計(jì)算需要的時(shí)間非常長,在實(shí)際工作中要做大量簡化,引入分子動(dòng)力學(xué)方法,使得計(jì)算蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)成為可能,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)計(jì)算的進(jìn)步,蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算方法也會(huì)一直進(jìn)化著。 “從頭”這個(gè)詞對(duì)應(yīng)的拉丁語翻譯為ab initio,當(dāng)然,也可以是更為粗略的理解,比如理解為de novo。對(duì)于精細(xì)的化學(xué)計(jì)算方法,學(xué)生物的一般會(huì)感覺頭疼的,米氏方程已經(jīng)是生化中相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的公式了,多變量方程中,系數(shù)的擬合、參數(shù)求解會(huì)難到一大批學(xué)生物的。我把以前整理的東西發(fā)出來,可能會(huì)加上一些說明,希望純粹學(xué)生物的人能理解,更希望能利用現(xiàn)成的一些工具實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目的,也因?yàn)榇耍泳筒环旁凇胺肿幽M”目錄下了,希望能起到拋磚引玉的作用。 內(nèi)容提要: 第一部分 蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)與分子建模 第二部分 蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)建;A(chǔ) 第三部分 從頭預(yù)測方法 第四部分 Rosetta方法 第五部分 從頭計(jì)算 [ Last edited by cnlics on 2010-9-16 at 15:23 ] |
分子生物實(shí)驗(yàn)及蛋白純化結(jié)晶相關(guān)鏈接 | 蛋白質(zhì)生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn) |
木蟲 (小有名氣)
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第二部分 蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)建;A(chǔ) 2.1建模一般過程見下圖 ![]() 2.2結(jié)構(gòu)建模方法: •從頭建模 •比較或同源建模 •折疊識(shí)別或者穿針引線(threading)方法 2.3力場決定分子折疊機(jī)理 力場是一種描述分子構(gòu)象或者說原子坐標(biāo)決定分子能量的數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù)。力場是分子內(nèi)部化學(xué)鍵的拉伸,彎曲,扭曲以及范德華力、靜電相互作用等作用的總和。 常用力場有: CHARMM (Harvard) http://yuri.harvard.edu/ GROMOS96 (Groningen/ETHZ) http://www.igc.ethz.ch/gromos AMBER (Scripps) http://amber.scripps.edu SYBYL Tripos Inc. DISCOVER MSI Inc. …….. 2.4非鍵相互作用(即,不是通過化學(xué)鍵而產(chǎn)生的作用) •靜電相互作用。計(jì)算方法是: ![]() •氫鍵作用。計(jì)算方法: ![]() •疏水作用。計(jì)算方法為HINT •范德華力:利用Lennard-Jones函數(shù)計(jì)算 ![]() 2.5簡化的結(jié)構(gòu)模型方法 •格點(diǎn)模型 •離散狀態(tài)非格點(diǎn)(off-lattice)模型 •通過局部結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測,減少構(gòu)象搜索空間 Bonneau R. et al.Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 30:173–89 (2001 ) 2.5.1格點(diǎn)模型:簡化方法為,用格點(diǎn)表示肽鏈 優(yōu)點(diǎn):分析、計(jì)算簡單 缺點(diǎn): 難以表示精細(xì)的幾何取向(例如鏈扭曲);骨架結(jié)構(gòu)精確性不會(huì)超過格點(diǎn)間距的一半。 ![]() 2.5.2離散狀態(tài)格點(diǎn)模型 降低復(fù)雜度的方法:僅允許特定的支鏈構(gòu)象且肽鏈的化學(xué)鍵轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)受限(即將支鏈限定為單一的構(gòu)象;肽鏈骨架限定為特殊的φ/ψ角度組合等) 缺點(diǎn): ω角總是平面角(0或者180°) 2.5.3通過局部構(gòu)象預(yù)測,限定總體構(gòu)象搜索空間 降低復(fù)雜度的方法:利用局部構(gòu)象的偏向性(biases)或者序列基元(motif)降低復(fù)雜度 缺點(diǎn):局部構(gòu)象的偏向性(biases)程度、強(qiáng)度非常依賴序列;不同的序列中,序列基元非常傾向于采取單一的局部構(gòu)象 2.5打分函數(shù) 基于溶劑化的打分方法:總結(jié)已知蛋白質(zhì)中各位點(diǎn)的溶劑化程度;弄清各氨基酸在各位點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的頻率。 配對(duì)相互作用:某倆殘基有多大可能互相靠近 二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)安排:打分評(píng)估二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的元件之間匹配的程度。 [ Last edited by cnlics on 2010-9-18 at 19:42 ] |
木蟲 (小有名氣)
木蟲 (小有名氣)
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Part III: ab initio prediction methods 3.1 Scoring functions Molecular Dynamics simulations(MD) Monte Carlo (MC) simulations Pathway Models Combined Hierarchical Approach Genetic Algorithms more……. 3.2 Ab initio prediction:Using pathway models Pathway models combine the scoring function and the search. HMMSTR-CM: a fragment library (knowledgebased potentials ) + a set of nucleation/propagation-based rules(for building a protein contact maps) 3.3 Ab initio prediction: TOUCHSTONE ----- threading based tertiary restraints SICHO (SIde CHain Only) model Prediction of tertiary restraints:side chain contact(PROSPECTOR); consensus contacts Structure selection with an atomic potential:Monte Carlo simulations; Kihara D. et al .PNAS , 98 (18) :10125–10130(2001) 3.4 Ab initio prediction: Combined Hierarchical Approach highly simplified tetrahedral lattice model:all-atom models combined allatom knowledge-based scoring function:three smaller subsets consensus-based distance geometry procedure Samudrala R. et al.PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics Suppl 3:194–198 (1999) 3.5 Ab initio prediction: more…. Distance geometry-based Ramachandran Plots-based Rosetta Huang ES et al. J. Mol. Biol. (1999) 290, 267-281. Bernasconi A. et al.ERCIM News No.43 (2000 ) |
木蟲 (小有名氣)
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Part IV: Rosetta 4.1 What’s CASP:Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (homology modeling, threading, and ab-initio) Every two years in Dec, community-wide blind test of prediction methods Experimentalists announce some protein sequences that they are going to resolve structurally CASP put these sequence on web for pediction with deadline Computational biologists submit their predictions CASP evaluates the predictions according to the results resolved by experimentalists http://PredictionCenter.llnl.gov/caspi/ ( i = 1,2,3,4,5. ) http://www.forcasp.org/ 4.2 Rosetta at CASP:an example taken from CASP5 4.3 Rosetta : the method Model: Narrow the search with local structure Prediction Scoring function(Solvation-based & Pair interactions) Method outline (two steps) Get tiny pieces:sequence profile alignment Put them together:Monte-Carlo method; Bayesian scoring function Chivian D. et al.PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics 53:524–533 (2003) 4.3.1 Get tiny pieces:Construction of I-sites library AssumptionDistribution of conformations sampled for a given nine residue segment of the chain is reasonably well approximated by the distribution of structures adopted the sequence(and closely related sequences) in known protein structures. MethodFragment libraries for each three and nine residue segment of the chain are extracted from PDB using sequence profile alignment 4.3.2 Get tiny pieces: construction procedure Construct profiles (PSI-BLAST like) for each solved structure Collect each possible segments of fixed length (len = 3, 9, 15) Perform k-means clustering of segments Check each cluster for a “coherent” structure (in terms of dihedral angles Prune incoherent structures Iteratively refine remaining clusters by removing structurally different segments, redefining cluster membership, etc. 4.4.1 Put them together: Procedure For representative proteins, backbones were assembled from a library of 1000 different 5-residue fragments. 4.4.2 Put them together: Monte Carlo Search the resulting conformational space with Monte-Carlo method Bayesian scoring function:Chose the most likely structure given the sequence: 4.4.3 Put them together: Scoring Function 4.5 Using Rosetta: Comparative modeling Detection of the best parent for each putative domain: Blast or PSI-Blast parents or Pcons parents Sequence alignment to that parent: K*SYNC (kitchen sink) Modeling of structurally variable regions:match with DSSP assigned secondary structure Optimization to increase the physical reasonableness of the final model:fragment replacement and random angle perturbations Reassemble the complete chain when domains were parsed and processed individually:evaluated by a coarse energy function 4.6 Using Rosetta: De Novo structure predictions Fragment libraries for each three and nine residue segment Monte Carlo procedure with energy function favoring compact structures, buried hydrophobic residues, and paired beta strands low free energy models : MC Minimization procedure to relieve backbone atomic clashes MC minimize an all-atom energy function Bonneau R. et al.J. Mol. Biol. (2002) 322, 65–78 4.7 Using Rosetta: Automated Method for Full Chain Structure Prediction Robetta: de novo, comparative, or mixed models Secondary structure prediction from the JUFO-3D method |
木蟲 (小有名氣)
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Part V: ab initio calculation ----Quantum Mechanics 5.1 Quantum mechanics ab initio calculation: computer storage capacity processor performance 5.2 Schrödinger equation Approximations: Born-Oppenheimer approximation Single particle approximation Linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO) …. 5.3 QM vs MD 5.4 Power of QM • Bond and reaction energies • Molecular energies and structures (thermochemical stability) • Energies and structures of transition states (activation energies) • Reaction pathways, kinetics and mechanisms • Charge distribution in molecules (reactive sites) • Substituent effects • Electron affinities and ionisation potentials • Vibrational frequencies (IR and Raman spectra) • Electronic transitions (UV/Visible spectra) • Magnetic shielding effects (NMR spectra) diverse and novel chemical environments transition states and chemical reaction 5.5 Weak of QM Large molecules (n ~ 10-30 atoms) : possible using the basic theory (i.e., Hartree Fock approximation) with minimal basis sets, whereas calculations on chemical reactions between simple diatomic molecules can be performed with state-of the-art model chemistries Very large systems (n ~50 atoms or more): only possible with less sophisticated models Waiting for more powerful computer…… |
木蟲 (小有名氣)
金蟲 (正式寫手)

金蟲 (小有名氣)

木蟲 (小有名氣)
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