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CYP11A catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of cholesterol, which is the starting point of steroid synthesis and it is also the rate-limiting step. CYP11B2 catalyzes the biosynthesis of the glucocorticoid cortisol from 11-deoxycortisol, which has numerous metabolic, developmental, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and other functions in the body。 CYP17 catalyzes the conversion of aldosterone to corticosteroid substrates and ultimately to sex steroid substrates, which is the initial step of cortisol biosynthesis. Therefore, it is possible that this enzyme can redirect steroid output from mineralocorticoids to glucocorticoids or weak androgens, whereas inhibition of CYP17 would have the opposite effect The CYP21 gene is required for the synthesis of both aldosterone and corticosteroids. Induction of CYP21 may lead to an increase in the synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone, and may result in a decrease in the availability of substrates for androgen and estrogen production HSD enzymes are members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (SCAD) enzyme family. HSD enzymes mainly catalyze two reactions: (1) the oxidation of a secondary alcohol to a ketone; and (2) the reduction of a ketone to a secondary alcohol. 3bHSD oxidizes a 3b-OH group to a C3 ketone that is an obligate step in the biosynthesis of androgens and estrogens as well as mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. 17b-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs) are a group of enzymes responsible for the interconversion between low-activity 17-ketosteroids and high-activity 17b-hydroxysteroids. They act as key enzymes modulating the biosynthesis and metabolism of both estrogens and androgens. The protein encoded by the StAR gene plays a key role in the acute regulation of steroid hormone synthesis. It enhances the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by mediating the transport of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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