好久前發(fā)過帖子,現(xiàn)在想起來,還沒有太明白,請高手幫忙答疑一下.
就是在反應(yīng)過程中,怎么才能看出來是那些化學(xué)鍵的斷裂或者形成起到?jīng)Q定性的作用?這個從前線軌道分析可以看出來嗎?怎么樣分析?
在文獻(xiàn)中看到這樣一段分析,感覺其中有一句不明白(文中加粗部分)懇請高手指點(diǎn)。
問題:這個過渡態(tài)對應(yīng)著多個鍵的反應(yīng)O—H鍵的斷裂C—N鍵的轉(zhuǎn)化,C—O鍵和N—H鍵的形成,怎么能夠從HOMO-2的軌道信息中得到,這個軌道就是對應(yīng)著H的轉(zhuǎn)移呢?怎么樣從輸出文件中看出分子軌道對應(yīng)著那些原子的變化,懇請幫忙。
It is interesting to notice the molecular orbital interaction between the H2O molecule and amino acetonitrile (1). We plotted the frontier orbitals of 1, the complex (H2O + 1, precursor of reactants), and transition state 2 in Figure 3. Assuming that the molecular plane of 1 passes through the central carbon atom, the nitrile group, and the nitrogen atom, we then can distinguish the HOMO-1 as being symmetric to the molecular plane, from HOMO-2, on the molecular plane of 1. These two MOs feature the two e orientations of the CN group. When H2O starts to approach 1, the shapes of these MOs as well as the energy order do not change (as shown in the complex portion of MOs in Figure 3). However, we found that the energy of HOMO-2 of the complex starts to increase as the two approaching moieties get closer and closer, and it became HOMO at the transition state. We can trace these points along the reaction coordinate and plot the change in these MO energies, shown in Figure 4. At point 12 where the CaaaO distance is 2.53 ? and the HaaaOH distance is 1.01 ?, the MO energy of the original HOMO-2 jumps over and becomes HOMO-1. This MO energy keeps on rising, and at point 16 where the C...O distance is 1.89 ? and the HaaaOH distance is 1.02 ?, it becomes HOMO and remains HOMO to the transition state. This MO energy trend is similar to the potential energy profile of the transition state. On the contrary, the energies of the original HOMO and HOMO-1 of the precursor do not follow the trend and become HOMO-1 and HOMO-2, respectively, at the transition state. This result reminds us not to ignore the molecular interaction occurring in HOMO-2 of the precursor, which almost dominates the energy change of the reaction process. We found out that the formation of HOMO-2 and HOMO-3 in the precursor was mainly an MO combination from the HOMO of H2O and the HOMO-2 of amino acetonitrile, drawn in Figure 3. The positive (or same phase) combination forms HOMO-3, and the negative (or opposite phase) combination forms HOMO-2. Along the reaction coordinate, we inspected the changes in these MOs and assured that HOMO-2 represented the transfer of the hydrogen to the N atom of the nitrile group in amino acetonitrile, whereas that of HOMO-3 represented the formation of the C-O bond of the C atom of the nitrile group with the O atom of H2O. Because the MO energy of HOMO-3 does not change significantly (in fact, it decreases a little bit in Figure 4) during the whole reaction process, we are convinced that the crucial part of this nitrile hydrolysis process was the transfer of the hydrogen atom of H2O to the N atom of the nitrile group but not the formation of the C-O bond between H2O and the nitrile group.
從IRC路徑上的各點(diǎn),在過渡態(tài)前是水中氫原子斷鍵遠(yuǎn)離和氧原子對腈基碳親核過程。這個協(xié)同過程,應(yīng)該有個“主次”,如果找到主要過程(也就是能壘高得過程),并通過引入催化劑的方法解決掉,才是催化的目的。
是否是原子軌道發(fā)生位相相符的重疊就能夠形成穩(wěn)定的化學(xué)鍵(《圖解量子化學(xué)》福井謙一)。水分子的HOMO軌道主要由O原子的原子軌道貢獻(xiàn)的。
而在上述figure3中,因?yàn)樗肿拥腍OMO軌道和aminoacetoitrile的HOMO-2軌道以位相相符合的方式重疊,能夠形成穩(wěn)定的C-O鍵。所以這兩個軌道轉(zhuǎn)化成的precursor和過渡態(tài)的HOMO-3軌道代表著O原子對C原子的親核進(jìn)攻過程。
而水分子的HOMO軌道和aminoacetitrile的HOMO-2軌道以位相不相符合的情況重疊是不能夠形成穩(wěn)定的化學(xué)鍵的,對應(yīng)著水分子中質(zhì)子氫的轉(zhuǎn)移。
不知道上述分析得對不對,希望大家發(fā)表意見,討論討論。
把上面的例題算了一下,
水分子的軌道信息如下:
Molecular Orbital Coefficients
1 2 3 4 5
(A1)--O (A1)--O (B2)--O (A1)--O (B1)--O
EIGENvalueS -- -20.56173 -1.33881 -0.69998 -0.56941 -0.49714
其中5為HOMO軌道
aminoacetoitrile的分子軌道信息如下:
11 12 13 14 15
(A" --O (A')--O (A')--O (A" --O (A')--O
EIGENvalueS -- -0.59079 -0.55724 -0.47552 -0.46248 -0.42548
其中15為HOMO軌道
那么可以看出,水分子的HOMO軌道能量和aminoacetoitrile的HOMO-2的軌道能量最接近,也就是能差最小,所以隨著兩個分子相互作用,這兩個軌道將相互疊加作用。
在這個過程中,有O-H鍵的斷裂,和C-O鍵的形成。那么就出現(xiàn)了上述的HOMO-3對應(yīng)著O-C鍵的形成,HOMO-2對應(yīng)著O-H鍵的斷裂。
不知道這樣分析對不對,懇請大家發(fā)表一下意見。
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