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zhuangyujiayou金蟲 (小有名氣)
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論文翻譯---簡單（超分子自組裝）
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1.3.2 Interactions The most common non covalent interactions involved in self-assembly are the columbic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, van der Waals forces, π-π stacking and hydrogen bonds. The relatively weak covalent bonds (coordination bonds) can also be considered as appropriate interactions for selfassembly. Self-assembly occur when the components interact with one another through a balance of attractive and repulsive forces. The complementary nature in shapes among the self-assembling components is also considered to be crucial (particularly for recognition). For self-assembly to generate ordered structures, the association (between the components) must either be reversible or must allow the components to adjust their positions within an aggregate once it has formed. The strength of the bonds between the components, therefore, must be comparable to the forces that tend to disrupt them. For molecules, the forces can easily be generated by thermal motion. 17Processes in which collision between molecules leads to irreversible sticking generate glasses and not organized materials. Some of the nanostructures generated by utilizing the use of non covalent interactions particularly for oraganic materials are discussed below in section 1.6.2. 1.3.3 Environment The use of a particular environment is essential to maximize the interactions among the components in order to result in the most stable and organized structure. Most often, the self-assembling process is carried out in liquid environments such as solutions, which acts as the environment to enable the favorable non covalent interactions amongst the components to occur. Interface of two or more solutions are also used in this regard to achieve self assembly of components due the changes in the local environment of the components and often leads to a more ordered state. More recently, the elegant use of surface to organize the molecules (by using solvent vapors) into desired shape has also proven to be useful and is important from a technological stand point.26,27The interaction of the components with the environment affects the self assembling process significantly. In solution, thermal motion provides the major part of the motion required to bring the molecules into contact. At the interface, interactions between the components are maximized because of the drastic changes in the polarity (solubility of the solute/component) of the solvents. At surfaces, depending on the hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature of the molecule and substrate, the interactions between component and substrate can lead to interesting morphological conditions due to self-assembly (essentially the wetting and de wetting of the surface). In all of the above cases, the molecules need to be mobile in order to find the most optimized situation to self-assemble using the non covalent forces of interactions. The key challenge in designing systems for self assembly is to assure the mobility of the components. As the self assembly occurs the Brownian motion that is initially responsible for the mobility of the components in solution becomes extraneous as the self-assembled structure becomes larger than the component. At surfaces, the effective use of thermal and solvent based annealing methods ensures the mobility of the molecules for self assembly to occur. Thus, it is essential to also approach the self assembly with appropriate choice of interaction in the system to establish equilibrium. This leads to two types of self-assembled systems: static and dynamic self-assembly.15 Most of the complex biological self-assemblies are a result of dynamic self-assembly and in principle involves the dissipation of energy. 15While the formation of molecular crystal, folding of the proteins where the formation of the self-assembled structures requires energy are governed by static self-assembly.Most of the self-assembled structures studied under supramolecular chemistry also fall under the static self-assembly as the energy is supplied in the form of stirring in most of the cases. This has indeed leaded to an upsurge to understand the mechanism of self-assembly. Even though numerous examples of self-assembly from a variety of components exist, the mechanisms and the theoretical aspects of self-assembly remain elusive.28 Some of the theoretical efforts to this end have focused on integrating the experimental results with the structural properties of the components in order to establish empirical relationships. 29Theoretical treatments such as “majority rules”30,31 and “sergeant and soldier”32,33principles have emerged to explain the mechanism for chiral assemblies and the helical supramolecular assemblies resulting from both chiral and achiral monomers. The recent mechanistic efforts in self-assembly have focused on understanding the equilibrium processes because of the nature of the self assembly in most systems. Some of the theoretical efforts have thus lead to the emergence of a few “self-association” models depending on the equilibrium process along with the interactions involved. 2011年4月25日之前有效 |
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zhuangyujiayou(金幣+10): 唉 一般般 2011-04-21 13:47:53
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1.3.2作用力 自組裝所包括大多數(shù)的非共價(jià)作用力包括庫倫作用、憎水作用、親水作用、范德華力、π-π疊加和氫鍵作用。相對較弱的共價(jià)鍵作用力（絡(luò)合鍵）也可看作對于自組裝是合適的作用力。通過吸引力與排斥力的相互平衡組分之間相互作用導(dǎo)致自組裝的發(fā)生，在發(fā)生自組裝的組分中，較好的互補(bǔ)性質(zhì)也是至關(guān)重要的（尤其對于識別）。自組裝產(chǎn)生有序結(jié)構(gòu)，組分之間的聯(lián)系要么是可逆的，要么一旦自組裝形成集合體，組分就能適應(yīng)其在集合體的位置。因此，組分之間鍵的強(qiáng)度可以達(dá)到幾乎能使他們斷裂的力度。對于分子，這種作用力很容易由熱運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生。過程17所示，分子之間的碰撞導(dǎo)致不可逆吸附，過程17產(chǎn)生了玻璃狀材料而不是具機(jī)體構(gòu)造的物質(zhì)。在以下1.6.2部分我們會(huì)了解到，尤其對于有機(jī)材料，一些利用非共價(jià)作用力而制備的納米結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
6樓2011-04-21 11:30:35
slz146
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zhuangyujiayou(金幣+20): 還有呢 2011-04-21 13:48:43
zhuangyujiayou(金幣+10, 翻譯EPI+1): 2011-04-22 09:28:09
zhuangyujiayou(金幣+10, 翻譯EPI+1): 2011-04-22 09:28:09
| 為了得到最穩(wěn)定和最有組織的結(jié)構(gòu)，利用一定的環(huán)境因素來最大化組分之間的作用力是很必要的。大多數(shù)情況下，自組裝過程發(fā)生在液體環(huán)境下，例如溶液，以他作為環(huán)境能夠使得組分之間的非共價(jià)作用力發(fā)生作用。在兩種或多種溶液界面里，組分也可進(jìn)行自組裝，這是由于組分在這些介質(zhì)里發(fā)生一些變化經(jīng)常產(chǎn)生一些更加有序的結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
7樓2011-04-21 13:05:33
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8樓2011-04-21 19:52:35
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【答案】應(yīng)助回帖
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ringzhu(金幣+50): 辛苦~~ 2011-04-26 10:50:17
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ringzhu(金幣+50): 辛苦~~ 2011-04-26 10:50:17
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ringzhu(金幣+50): 2011-04-26 10:50:57
ringzhu(金幣+49): 2011-04-26 10:51:02
ringzhu(翻譯EPI+1): 2011-04-26 10:52:27
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LZ,下面的材料是我逐字逐句翻譯出來的。請檢驗(yàn)之。 1. 相互作用 分子自組裝中最常見的非共價(jià)鍵相互作用包括庫倫力、親水作用、疏水作用、范德華力、π-π堆積和氫鍵。相對較弱的共價(jià)鍵也是一種分子自組裝相互作用。當(dāng)分子組成元件之間吸引和排斥作用達(dá)到相互平衡時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生分子自組裝分子組成元件具有形狀上的互補(bǔ)特點(diǎn)對于發(fā)生分子自主裝是至關(guān)重要的（尤其對于識別）。分子組成元件之間的相互作用必須是可逆的、或者形成分子集團(tuán)時(shí)能夠調(diào)整相對位置，這樣才能形成有序結(jié)構(gòu)。分子組成元件之間的作用力必須與破壞分子結(jié)構(gòu)的作用力相當(dāng)。對于分子而言，熱運(yùn)動(dòng)很容易產(chǎn)生這種作用力。分子經(jīng)過1反應(yīng)、碰撞不可逆接觸產(chǎn)生玻璃而不能形成有序材料。利用非共價(jià)作用產(chǎn)生的一些納米結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是有機(jī)材料的納米結(jié)構(gòu)在下文1.6.2部分進(jìn)行了討論。 2 環(huán)境 特殊環(huán)境對于分子相互作用最大化從而產(chǎn)生最穩(wěn)定、最有序的結(jié)構(gòu)是最基本的要求。通常情況是，分子自組裝過程是在液體環(huán)境中進(jìn)行，比如溶液。溶液作為組裝環(huán)境對于分子組成元件之間非共價(jià)作用發(fā)生是有利的。兩種或多種溶液的界面處也可實(shí)現(xiàn)分子自組裝。這是因?yàn)榫植凯h(huán)境的改變常常有利于形成更穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。最近，從技術(shù)角度講，巧妙利用界面組裝分子（通過溶劑蒸發(fā)）使其形成目標(biāo)性狀非常有用、也非常重要。在（特定）環(huán)境中分子組成元件的相互作用顯著的影響分子自組裝。在溶液里，熱運(yùn)動(dòng)是分子發(fā)生接觸的主要作用力。 在界面上，溶劑極性（溶劑/組分的可溶性）的劇烈變化使得相互作用達(dá)到最大化。在不同界面，根據(jù)分子和底物的親水性和疏水性，由于分子自主裝分子元件和底物的相互作用能夠形成有趣的形態(tài)狀態(tài)。上述所有情況下，分子必須能夠運(yùn)動(dòng)才能找到最優(yōu)位置從而通過非共價(jià)作用實(shí)現(xiàn)分子自主裝。設(shè)計(jì)分子自主裝系統(tǒng)最關(guān)鍵的挑戰(zhàn)是確保分子組成元件的運(yùn)動(dòng)性。當(dāng)發(fā)生自主裝時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)溶液中分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)成了外部運(yùn)動(dòng)，因?yàn)榉肿幼越M裝形成了比分子元件更大的分子。在界面上，熱運(yùn)動(dòng)和溶劑退火法的高效利用確保了分子的運(yùn)動(dòng)性。 因此，自組裝系統(tǒng)內(nèi)選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)南嗷プ饔脤?shí)現(xiàn)平衡對于分子自組裝是必須的。有兩種分子自組裝系統(tǒng)：靜態(tài)系統(tǒng)和動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)分子自組裝是基于動(dòng)態(tài)自組裝、能量耗散的。形成分子晶體時(shí)，需要消耗能量的蛋白折疊是靜態(tài)分子自組裝控制的。超分子化學(xué)里面研究的大多數(shù)自組裝結(jié)構(gòu)都屬于靜態(tài)分子自組裝，需要以擾動(dòng)的方式提供能量。這也形成了研究分子自組裝機(jī)理的高潮。雖然各種多樣的分子元件能夠形成分子自組裝，但是分子自組裝的機(jī)理和理論問題還沒有弄清楚。目前的理論研究試圖整合實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果和分子元件的結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)，從而建立起經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的聯(lián)系。理論模型，比如“主要角色”“軍士-士兵”模型的提出解釋了手性單體和非手性單體是怎樣形成手性組裝和螺旋超分子組裝的。鑒于大多數(shù)分子自組裝的本質(zhì)，最近分子自組裝的機(jī)理研究集中于理解平衡過程。一些理論研究根據(jù)平衡過程提出“自解離”模型。 |
10樓2011-04-22 11:35:47
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[考研] 304求調(diào)劑 +7 | 7712b 2026-03-13 | 7/350 |
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[考研] 328化工專碩求調(diào)劑 +4 | 。，。，。，。i 2026-03-12 | 4/200 |
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[考研] 0817化學(xué)工程與技術(shù)考研312分調(diào)劑 +3 | T123 tt 2026-03-12 | 3/150 |
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[考研] 321求調(diào)劑（食品/專碩） +3 | xc321 2026-03-12 | 6/300 |
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[考博] 26讀博 +4 | Rui135246 2026-03-12 | 10/500 |
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