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zhuangyujiayou金蟲 (小有名氣)
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[求助]
論文翻譯---簡單（超分子自組裝）
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1.3.2 Interactions The most common non covalent interactions involved in self-assembly are the columbic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, van der Waals forces, π-π stacking and hydrogen bonds. The relatively weak covalent bonds (coordination bonds) can also be considered as appropriate interactions for selfassembly. Self-assembly occur when the components interact with one another through a balance of attractive and repulsive forces. The complementary nature in shapes among the self-assembling components is also considered to be crucial (particularly for recognition). For self-assembly to generate ordered structures, the association (between the components) must either be reversible or must allow the components to adjust their positions within an aggregate once it has formed. The strength of the bonds between the components, therefore, must be comparable to the forces that tend to disrupt them. For molecules, the forces can easily be generated by thermal motion. 17Processes in which collision between molecules leads to irreversible sticking generate glasses and not organized materials. Some of the nanostructures generated by utilizing the use of non covalent interactions particularly for oraganic materials are discussed below in section 1.6.2. 1.3.3 Environment The use of a particular environment is essential to maximize the interactions among the components in order to result in the most stable and organized structure. Most often, the self-assembling process is carried out in liquid environments such as solutions, which acts as the environment to enable the favorable non covalent interactions amongst the components to occur. Interface of two or more solutions are also used in this regard to achieve self assembly of components due the changes in the local environment of the components and often leads to a more ordered state. More recently, the elegant use of surface to organize the molecules (by using solvent vapors) into desired shape has also proven to be useful and is important from a technological stand point.26,27The interaction of the components with the environment affects the self assembling process significantly. In solution, thermal motion provides the major part of the motion required to bring the molecules into contact. At the interface, interactions between the components are maximized because of the drastic changes in the polarity (solubility of the solute/component) of the solvents. At surfaces, depending on the hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature of the molecule and substrate, the interactions between component and substrate can lead to interesting morphological conditions due to self-assembly (essentially the wetting and de wetting of the surface). In all of the above cases, the molecules need to be mobile in order to find the most optimized situation to self-assemble using the non covalent forces of interactions. The key challenge in designing systems for self assembly is to assure the mobility of the components. As the self assembly occurs the Brownian motion that is initially responsible for the mobility of the components in solution becomes extraneous as the self-assembled structure becomes larger than the component. At surfaces, the effective use of thermal and solvent based annealing methods ensures the mobility of the molecules for self assembly to occur. Thus, it is essential to also approach the self assembly with appropriate choice of interaction in the system to establish equilibrium. This leads to two types of self-assembled systems: static and dynamic self-assembly.15 Most of the complex biological self-assemblies are a result of dynamic self-assembly and in principle involves the dissipation of energy. 15While the formation of molecular crystal, folding of the proteins where the formation of the self-assembled structures requires energy are governed by static self-assembly.Most of the self-assembled structures studied under supramolecular chemistry also fall under the static self-assembly as the energy is supplied in the form of stirring in most of the cases. This has indeed leaded to an upsurge to understand the mechanism of self-assembly. Even though numerous examples of self-assembly from a variety of components exist, the mechanisms and the theoretical aspects of self-assembly remain elusive.28 Some of the theoretical efforts to this end have focused on integrating the experimental results with the structural properties of the components in order to establish empirical relationships. 29Theoretical treatments such as “majority rules”30,31 and “sergeant and soldier”32,33principles have emerged to explain the mechanism for chiral assemblies and the helical supramolecular assemblies resulting from both chiral and achiral monomers. The recent mechanistic efforts in self-assembly have focused on understanding the equilibrium processes because of the nature of the self assembly in most systems. Some of the theoretical efforts have thus lead to the emergence of a few “self-association” models depending on the equilibrium process along with the interactions involved. 2011年4月25日之前有效 |
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cam967
金蟲 (著名寫手)
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9樓2011-04-21 22:22:39
2樓2011-04-19 17:17:53
zhuangyujiayou
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【答案】應助回帖
zhuangyujiayou(金幣+10): 唉 一般般 2011-04-21 13:47:53
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1.3.2作用力 自組裝所包括大多數(shù)的非共價作用力包括庫倫作用、憎水作用、親水作用、范德華力、π-π疊加和氫鍵作用。相對較弱的共價鍵作用力（絡合鍵）也可看作對于自組裝是合適的作用力。通過吸引力與排斥力的相互平衡組分之間相互作用導致自組裝的發(fā)生，在發(fā)生自組裝的組分中，較好的互補性質(zhì)也是至關重要的（尤其對于識別）。自組裝產(chǎn)生有序結構，組分之間的聯(lián)系要么是可逆的，要么一旦自組裝形成集合體，組分就能適應其在集合體的位置。因此，組分之間鍵的強度可以達到幾乎能使他們斷裂的力度。對于分子，這種作用力很容易由熱運動產(chǎn)生。過程17所示，分子之間的碰撞導致不可逆吸附，過程17產(chǎn)生了玻璃狀材料而不是具機體構造的物質(zhì)。在以下1.6.2部分我們會了解到，尤其對于有機材料，一些利用非共價作用力而制備的納米結構。 |
6樓2011-04-21 11:30:35
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