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wo357026239銅蟲(chóng) (正式寫(xiě)手)
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introduction翻譯
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In previous works, the dye exclusion method was used to examine cell death. Under this circumstance, the laser powers applied have to be high enough to compromise the cell membrane and induce instant cell death (necrosis). When a cell is labeled with gold nanoparticles, heat can be built up around the nanoparticles instantly upon the irradiation of an ultrafast pulsed laser. If the laser power density is high enough, fragmentation of gold nanoparticles can be produced，which can bring a localized mechanical shock to the cell membrane causing membrane perforation. At a low power, when the energy fluence is high enough, the heat produced from gold nanorods can also burn the cell membrane. These two effects will compromise the integrity and cause leaking of cell membrane, leading to rapid cell death.As known, cell proliferation can be stopped either by damaging the cells (necrosis) or by inducing cell apoptosis. Necrosis is a process of cell death by accident, which is normally due to the compromising of membrane integrity. In contrast, apoptosis is programmed cell death (suicide), which is a natural process that governs the proliferation of cells in a living body. As a matter of fact, what makes a cell cancerous is the disturbance of its natural apoptosis, leading to its proliferation out of control. To restore and enhance apoptosis, certain stimuli such as drugs and irradiation can be introduced. This forms the basis of the conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. With reduction in power density or energy fluence, the thermal effect becomes dominant. While keeping the membrane integrated, the photothermal effect of gold nanorods can potentially lead to the dysfunction of the subcellular structures that govern the proliferation of cells, causing cell apoptosis .While maintaining the therapeutic effects, a laser operating at these lower energy levels is clinically safer. In addition, compared with necrosis, apoptosis is more suitable to in vivo treatment since inflammation and even secondary cancers associated with necrosis can be avoided. Despite its significance, laser induced apoptosis of cancer cells in the presence of gold nanoparticles has not been investigated, to the best of our knowledge. In this work, gold nanorod-enhanced two-photon luminescence imaging and apoptosis of cancer cells will be investigated in the aim of developing a way for efficient and medically safe cancer detection and microsurgery using femtosecond lasers under twophoton microscopy. A two-photon Fluoview inverted scanning microscope was used for two-photon excitation of gold nanorods. A human cervical cancer cell line HeLa was used as a model. To achieve efficient targeting of gold nanorods to the cancer cells, transferrin molecules were conjugated to the surface of the nanorods. Transferrin has been proven to be efficient in enhancing cancer targeting by nanoparticles including gold nanoparticles.The imaging capability of gold nanorods was also compared with the cell autofluorescence and molecular dyes. |
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weichin
鐵桿木蟲(chóng) (職業(yè)作家)
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愛(ài)與雨下(金幣+1): 2012-01-04 08:50:28
wo357026239(金幣+70, 翻譯EPI+1): 2012-01-05 12:08:50
愛(ài)與雨下(金幣+1): 2012-01-04 08:50:28
wo357026239(金幣+70, 翻譯EPI+1): 2012-01-05 12:08:50
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供參考： 在以往的研究中，染色排除法被用于研究細(xì)胞死亡。在這種情況下，所應(yīng)用的激光功率必須高到足以破壞細(xì)胞膜并誘導(dǎo)瞬間細(xì)胞死亡（壞死）。當(dāng)用黃金納米粒子標(biāo)記一個(gè)細(xì)胞時(shí)，超快脈沖激光照射后會(huì)即刻在納米粒子周?chē)a(chǎn)生熱量。如果激光功率強(qiáng)度足夠高，可實(shí)現(xiàn)黃金納米粒子的分裂，從而給細(xì)胞膜帶來(lái)局部機(jī)械沖擊，造成穿孔。在低功率調(diào)節(jié)下，當(dāng)能注量足夠高時(shí)，金納米棒產(chǎn)生的熱量也還可以燒毀細(xì)胞膜。這兩種效應(yīng)都會(huì)破壞完整性并造成細(xì)胞膜的泄漏，導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞快速死亡。眾所周知，通過(guò)破壞細(xì)胞（壞死）或誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡均可阻止細(xì)胞增殖。壞死通常是由于細(xì)胞膜的完整性被破壞而造成的意外細(xì)胞死亡過(guò)程。與此相反，細(xì)胞凋亡則是程序性細(xì)胞死亡（自殺），這是一個(gè)控制活體細(xì)胞增殖的自然過(guò)程。事實(shí)上，細(xì)胞之所以發(fā)生癌變，是因?yàn)樽匀患?xì)胞凋亡遭到干擾，從而導(dǎo)致其增殖失控�？梢岳弥T如藥物和輻射等刺激因素，以恢復(fù)和提高細(xì)胞凋亡。這就是傳統(tǒng)化療和放射療法的基礎(chǔ)。隨著功率強(qiáng)度和能注量的減少，熱效應(yīng)占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。在保持細(xì)胞膜完整的前提下，金納米棒的光熱效應(yīng)有可能致使支配細(xì)胞增殖的亞細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)功能失調(diào)，引起細(xì)胞凋亡。在保證同樣治療效果的同時(shí)，在較低能量水平上運(yùn)行的激光在臨床上更加安全。此外，較之壞死，凋亡更適合于體內(nèi)治療，因?yàn)榭梢员苊庋装Y和壞死引起的繼發(fā)性癌癥。據(jù)我們所知，盡管黃金納米粒子協(xié)同下激光誘導(dǎo)的癌細(xì)胞凋亡的意義極其重大，卻鮮有人對(duì)其開(kāi)展研究。 在本研究工作中，將對(duì)金納米棒增強(qiáng)的雙光子熒光成像和癌細(xì)胞凋亡開(kāi)展研究，以期利用雙光子顯微鏡下飛秒激光器開(kāi)發(fā)一種有效、安全的癌癥檢測(cè)手段。利用雙光子FluoView倒置掃描顯微鏡實(shí)現(xiàn)金納米棒的雙光子激發(fā)。用宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞系作測(cè)試模型。將轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白分子結(jié)合于納米棒表面，以實(shí)現(xiàn)金納米棒高效鎖定靶癌細(xì)胞。已經(jīng)證明，轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白可以促進(jìn)納米粒子（包括金納米粒子）鎖定靶癌細(xì)胞。同時(shí)，也對(duì)金納米棒的成像能力和細(xì)胞自體熒光及分子燃料進(jìn)行了比較。 |
2樓2012-01-03 21:47:05
moqing1991
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愛(ài)與雨下(金幣+1): 2012-01-04 11:52:51
愛(ài)與雨下(金幣+1): 2012-01-04 11:52:51
| 在以往的研究中，染料排除方法被用來(lái)研究細(xì)胞死亡率，在這種情況下，激光功率的應(yīng)用都必須充分高，足以破壞細(xì)胞膜并誘導(dǎo)即時(shí)性細(xì)胞死亡（壞死）。當(dāng)細(xì)胞用金納米粒子標(biāo)記時(shí)，超快脈沖激光照射后會(huì)即刻在納米粒子周?chē)a(chǎn)生熱量。如果激光功率密度足夠高，可以使金納米粒子分散，從而給細(xì)胞膜帶來(lái)局部機(jī)械沖擊，造成穿孔。在低功耗、能源能量密度足夠高時(shí)，金納米棒產(chǎn)生的熱量還可以燒毀細(xì)胞膜。這兩種效應(yīng)都會(huì)破壞完整性并造成細(xì)胞膜的泄漏，導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞快速死亡�？偹苤模�(xì)胞增殖停止可以通過(guò)破壞細(xì)胞（壞死），或通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。壞死是細(xì)胞死亡事故過(guò)程，通常是在細(xì)胞膜的完整性的前提下。與此相反，細(xì)胞凋亡是細(xì)胞程序化死亡（自殺），這是一個(gè)自然的過(guò)程，從而產(chǎn)生活體細(xì)胞的增殖。事實(shí)上，細(xì)胞發(fā)生癌變是因?yàn)樽匀患?xì)胞凋亡遭到干擾，從而導(dǎo)致其增殖失控。為了恢復(fù)和增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞凋亡，某些刺激，如藥物和輻射可以被使用。這就形成了傳統(tǒng)的化療和放射治療的基礎(chǔ)。減少功率密度或能量通量，熱效應(yīng)成為主要因素。在保持細(xì)胞膜完整的前提下，金納米棒的光熱效應(yīng)有可能致使支配細(xì)胞增殖的亞細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)功能失調(diào)，引起細(xì)胞凋亡。在保證同樣治療效果的同時(shí)，在較低能量水平上運(yùn)行的激光在臨床上更加安全。此外，與壞死相比較，凋亡更適合于體內(nèi)治療，因?yàn)榭梢员苊庋装Y和壞死引起的繼發(fā)性癌癥。據(jù)我們所知，盡管金納米粒子協(xié)同下激光誘導(dǎo)的癌細(xì)胞凋亡的意義極其重大，卻很少有人對(duì)其開(kāi)展研究。 |
3樓2012-01-04 11:08:34
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