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wo357026239銅蟲 (正式寫手)
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In previous works, the dye exclusion method was used to examine cell death. Under this circumstance, the laser powers applied have to be high enough to compromise the cell membrane and induce instant cell death (necrosis). When a cell is labeled with gold nanoparticles, heat can be built up around the nanoparticles instantly upon the irradiation of an ultrafast pulsed laser. If the laser power density is high enough, fragmentation of gold nanoparticles can be produced,which can bring a localized mechanical shock to the cell membrane causing membrane perforation. At a low power, when the energy fluence is high enough, the heat produced from gold nanorods can also burn the cell membrane. These two effects will compromise the integrity and cause leaking of cell membrane, leading to rapid cell death.As known, cell proliferation can be stopped either by damaging the cells (necrosis) or by inducing cell apoptosis. Necrosis is a process of cell death by accident, which is normally due to the compromising of membrane integrity. In contrast, apoptosis is programmed cell death (suicide), which is a natural process that governs the proliferation of cells in a living body. As a matter of fact, what makes a cell cancerous is the disturbance of its natural apoptosis, leading to its proliferation out of control. To restore and enhance apoptosis, certain stimuli such as drugs and irradiation can be introduced. This forms the basis of the conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. With reduction in power density or energy fluence, the thermal effect becomes dominant. While keeping the membrane integrated, the photothermal effect of gold nanorods can potentially lead to the dysfunction of the subcellular structures that govern the proliferation of cells, causing cell apoptosis .While maintaining the therapeutic effects, a laser operating at these lower energy levels is clinically safer. In addition, compared with necrosis, apoptosis is more suitable to in vivo treatment since inflammation and even secondary cancers associated with necrosis can be avoided. Despite its significance, laser induced apoptosis of cancer cells in the presence of gold nanoparticles has not been investigated, to the best of our knowledge. In this work, gold nanorod-enhanced two-photon luminescence imaging and apoptosis of cancer cells will be investigated in the aim of developing a way for efficient and medically safe cancer detection and microsurgery using femtosecond lasers under twophoton microscopy. A two-photon Fluoview inverted scanning microscope was used for two-photon excitation of gold nanorods. A human cervical cancer cell line HeLa was used as a model. To achieve efficient targeting of gold nanorods to the cancer cells, transferrin molecules were conjugated to the surface of the nanorods. Transferrin has been proven to be efficient in enhancing cancer targeting by nanoparticles including gold nanoparticles.The imaging capability of gold nanorods was also compared with the cell autofluorescence and molecular dyes. |
鐵桿木蟲 (職業(yè)作家)
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供參考: 在以往的研究中,染色排除法被用于研究細胞死亡。在這種情況下,所應用的激光功率必須高到足以破壞細胞膜并誘導瞬間細胞死亡(壞死)。當用黃金納米粒子標記一個細胞時,超快脈沖激光照射后會即刻在納米粒子周圍產生熱量。如果激光功率強度足夠高,可實現(xiàn)黃金納米粒子的分裂,從而給細胞膜帶來局部機械沖擊,造成穿孔。在低功率調節(jié)下,當能注量足夠高時,金納米棒產生的熱量也還可以燒毀細胞膜。這兩種效應都會破壞完整性并造成細胞膜的泄漏,導致細胞快速死亡。眾所周知,通過破壞細胞(壞死)或誘導細胞凋亡均可阻止細胞增殖。壞死通常是由于細胞膜的完整性被破壞而造成的意外細胞死亡過程。與此相反,細胞凋亡則是程序性細胞死亡(自殺),這是一個控制活體細胞增殖的自然過程。事實上,細胞之所以發(fā)生癌變,是因為自然細胞凋亡遭到干擾,從而導致其增殖失控?梢岳弥T如藥物和輻射等刺激因素,以恢復和提高細胞凋亡。這就是傳統(tǒng)化療和放射療法的基礎。隨著功率強度和能注量的減少,熱效應占據(jù)主導地位。在保持細胞膜完整的前提下,金納米棒的光熱效應有可能致使支配細胞增殖的亞細胞結構功能失調,引起細胞凋亡。在保證同樣治療效果的同時,在較低能量水平上運行的激光在臨床上更加安全。此外,較之壞死,凋亡更適合于體內治療,因為可以避免炎癥和壞死引起的繼發(fā)性癌癥。據(jù)我們所知,盡管黃金納米粒子協(xié)同下激光誘導的癌細胞凋亡的意義極其重大,卻鮮有人對其開展研究。 在本研究工作中,將對金納米棒增強的雙光子熒光成像和癌細胞凋亡開展研究,以期利用雙光子顯微鏡下飛秒激光器開發(fā)一種有效、安全的癌癥檢測手段。利用雙光子FluoView倒置掃描顯微鏡實現(xiàn)金納米棒的雙光子激發(fā)。用宮頸癌HeLa細胞系作測試模型。將轉鐵蛋白分子結合于納米棒表面,以實現(xiàn)金納米棒高效鎖定靶癌細胞。已經證明,轉鐵蛋白可以促進納米粒子(包括金納米粒子)鎖定靶癌細胞。同時,也對金納米棒的成像能力和細胞自體熒光及分子燃料進行了比較。 |

金蟲 (正式寫手)
| 在以往的研究中,染料排除方法被用來研究細胞死亡率,在這種情況下,激光功率的應用都必須充分高,足以破壞細胞膜并誘導即時性細胞死亡(壞死)。當細胞用金納米粒子標記時,超快脈沖激光照射后會即刻在納米粒子周圍產生熱量。如果激光功率密度足夠高,可以使金納米粒子分散,從而給細胞膜帶來局部機械沖擊,造成穿孔。在低功耗、能源能量密度足夠高時,金納米棒產生的熱量還可以燒毀細胞膜。這兩種效應都會破壞完整性并造成細胞膜的泄漏,導致細胞快速死亡?偹苤,細胞增殖停止可以通過破壞細胞(壞死),或通過誘導細胞凋亡。壞死是細胞死亡事故過程,通常是在細胞膜的完整性的前提下。與此相反,細胞凋亡是細胞程序化死亡(自殺),這是一個自然的過程,從而產生活體細胞的增殖。事實上,細胞發(fā)生癌變是因為自然細胞凋亡遭到干擾,從而導致其增殖失控。為了恢復和增強細胞凋亡,某些刺激,如藥物和輻射可以被使用。這就形成了傳統(tǒng)的化療和放射治療的基礎。減少功率密度或能量通量,熱效應成為主要因素。在保持細胞膜完整的前提下,金納米棒的光熱效應有可能致使支配細胞增殖的亞細胞結構功能失調,引起細胞凋亡。在保證同樣治療效果的同時,在較低能量水平上運行的激光在臨床上更加安全。此外,與壞死相比較,凋亡更適合于體內治療,因為可以避免炎癥和壞死引起的繼發(fā)性癌癥。據(jù)我們所知,盡管金納米粒子協(xié)同下激光誘導的癌細胞凋亡的意義極其重大,卻很少有人對其開展研究。 |

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