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yalefield金蟲 (文壇精英)
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波函數(shù)----并非統(tǒng)計(jì)工具而是物理真實(shí) 【轉(zhuǎn)】 已有14人參與
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http://www.edu.cn/ren_yu_zi_ran_ ... 111220_721232.shtml 在《Nature》雜志公布2011年最受歡迎的十大新聞中，排名第6的是： 波函數(shù)并非統(tǒng)計(jì)工具而是物理真實(shí) 據(jù)《自然》雜志網(wǎng)站2011年11月17日?qǐng)?bào)道，波函數(shù)是量子力學(xué)中一個(gè)重要且令人費(fèi)解的核心概念，物理學(xué)家用它來(lái)確定量子粒子具備某種特性的概率，而英國(guó)科學(xué)家2011年11月14日發(fā)表在arXiv。org網(wǎng)站的一篇論文則提出了一個(gè)新觀點(diǎn)： 波函數(shù)并非統(tǒng)計(jì)工具而是物理真實(shí) 由英國(guó)帝國(guó)理工學(xué)院的馬修·皮由茲領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的三人科學(xué)小組在最新發(fā)表的論文中指出，如果波函數(shù)純粹只是統(tǒng)計(jì)工具的話，那么，時(shí)間和空間中互不連貫的量子狀態(tài)都將可以相互“交流”，這聽起來(lái)有點(diǎn)不可思議，很難成立，因此波函數(shù)必定是物理真實(shí)。 研究人員之一、美國(guó)南加州克萊姆森大學(xué)的理論物理學(xué)家安東尼·瓦倫提尼表示：“我們的這篇論文可能具有顛覆效應(yīng)，在量子力學(xué)中，它可能是繼貝爾定理之后最重要的結(jié)論�！� 英國(guó)牛津大學(xué)的物理學(xué)家戴維·華萊士表示，這個(gè)理論是他15年的職業(yè)生涯內(nèi)看到的量子力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)領(lǐng)域最重要的結(jié)論。他說(shuō)：“這一理論表明，人們不能將量子狀態(tài)解釋為一種概率�！� 自上世紀(jì)20年代開始，科學(xué)界在如何理解波函數(shù)方面就存在很大爭(zhēng)議。丹麥最著名的科學(xué)家、哥本哈根大學(xué)的尼爾斯·玻爾開創(chuàng)的“哥本哈根解釋”認(rèn)為，波函數(shù)是一個(gè)計(jì)算工具：當(dāng)被用來(lái)計(jì)算粒子擁有不同特性的可能性時(shí)，它能給出正確的結(jié)論。 |
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uuv2010
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量子力學(xué)的確存在很多缺陷，比如各種徉繆，但是迄今為止的看是不可思議但是從量子力學(xué)推論出來(lái)的東東，都證明了量子力學(xué)的正確，比如糾纏態(tài)，無(wú)論多么不可思議，但是按照量子力學(xué)的推論它是成立的，這種技術(shù)并且到了實(shí)用化的階段。而違反量子力學(xué)結(jié)論的東東至今還是沒有出現(xiàn)。其實(shí)很多人都想推翻量子力學(xué)，比如愛因斯坦就不喜歡量子力學(xué)，但是他的所有質(zhì)疑都是推動(dòng)了量子力學(xué)才的發(fā)展。 個(gè)人認(rèn)為，科學(xué)爭(zhēng)論是要以現(xiàn)有、已經(jīng)掌握的實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象、實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論，純粹的思辨的、空想的、不以實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)的討論是無(wú)意義的。比如‘量子力學(xué)是否是終極理論’之類的討論是無(wú)意義的。 |
9樓2012-04-02 10:27:01
13樓2012-04-02 10:45:01
yalefield
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franch: 金幣+2, 鼓勵(lì)交流。。。。。呵呵 2012-04-02 09:58:16
franch: 金幣+2, 鼓勵(lì)交流。。。。。呵呵 2012-04-02 09:58:16
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附件是那篇論文。 Matthew F. Pusey, Jonathan Barrett, Terry Rudolph The quantum state cannot be interpreted statistically arXiv:1111.3328v1 http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1111.3328 |
» 本帖附件資源列表
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2012-04-02 02:10:55, 538.06 K
3樓2012-04-02 02:12:13
zhangguangping
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15樓2012-04-02 10:50:56
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22樓2012-04-02 11:19:18
uuv2010
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| 如果離開了實(shí)驗(yàn)事實(shí)，爭(zhēng)論問(wèn)題是沒有意義的。比如你可以堅(jiān)信波函數(shù)有一天可以觀測(cè)，而有的人認(rèn)為波函數(shù)只是作為其模方的電子幾率密度才有意義而波函數(shù)本身并不是一個(gè)真實(shí)的物理量根本無(wú)法觀測(cè)，兩種觀點(diǎn)都不能證實(shí)或者證偽的情況下，這種討論是沒有意義的。因?yàn)檎l(shuí)都可以堅(jiān)持自己的觀點(diǎn)，而反對(duì)不同觀點(diǎn)，都無(wú)法證實(shí)或者證偽。 |
24樓2012-04-02 12:03:44
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Nature網(wǎng)站的報(bào)導(dǎo)： Quantum theorem shakes foundations http://www.nature.com/news/quant ... -foundations-1.9392 Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2011.9392 The wavefunction is a real physical object after all, say researchers. Eugenie Samuel Reich 17 November 2011 Mathematical device or physical fact? The elusive nature of the quantum wavefunction may be pinned down at last. At the heart of the weirdness for which the field of quantum mechanics is famous is the wavefunction, a powerful but mysterious entity that is used to determine the probabilities that quantum particles will have certain properties. Now, a preprint posted online on 14 November1 reopens the question of what the wavefunction represents — with an answer that could rock quantum theory to its core. Whereas many physicists have generally interpreted the wavefunction as a statistical tool that reflects our ignorance of the particles being measured, the authors of the latest paper argue that, instead, it is physically real. “I don't like to sound hyperbolic, but I think the word 'seismic' is likely to apply to this paper,” says Antony Valentini, a theoretical physicist specializing in quantum foundations at Clemson University in South Carolina. Valentini believes that this result may be the most important general theorem relating to the foundations of quantum mechanics since Bell’s theorem, the 1964 result in which Northern Irish physicist John Stewart Bell proved that if quantum mechanics describes real entities, it has to include mysterious “action at a distance”. Action at a distance occurs when pairs of quantum particles interact in such a way that they become entangled. But the new paper, by a trio of physicists led by Matthew Pusey at Imperial College London, presents a theorem showing that if a quantum wavefunction were purely a statistical tool, then even quantum states that are unconnected across space and time would be able to communicate with each other. As that seems very unlikely to be true, the researchers conclude that the wavefunction must be physically real after all. David Wallace, a philosopher of physics at the University of Oxford, UK, says that the theorem is the most important result in the foundations of quantum mechanics that he has seen in his 15-year professional career. “This strips away obscurity and shows you can’t have an interpretation of a quantum state as probabilistic,” he says. The debate over how to understand the wavefunction goes back to the 1920s. In the ‘Copenhagen interpretation’ pioneered by Danish physicist Niels Bohr, the wavefunction was considered a computational tool: it gave correct results when used to calculate the probability of particles having various properties, but physicists were encouraged not to look for a deeper explanation of what the wavefunction is. Albert Einstein also favoured a statistical interpretation of the wavefunction, although he thought that there had to be some other as-yet-unknown underlying reality. But others, such as Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger, considered the wavefunction, at least initially, to be a real physical object. The Copenhagen interpretation later fell out of popularity, but the idea that the wavefunction reflects what we can know about the world, rather than physical reality, has come back into vogue in the past 15 years with the rise of quantum information theory, Valentini says. Rudolph and his colleagues may put a stop to that trend. Their theorem effectively says that individual quantum systems must “know” exactly what state they have been prepared in, or the results of measurements on them would lead to results at odds with quantum mechanics. They declined to comment while their preprint is undergoing the journal-submission process, but say in their paper that their finding is similar to the notion that an individual coin being flipped in a biased way — for example, so that it comes up 'heads' six out of ten times — has the intrinsic, physical property of being biased, in contrast to the idea that the bias is simply a statistical property of many coin-flip outcomes. Quantum information Robert Spekkens, a physicist at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada, who has favoured a statistical interpretation of the wavefunction, says that Pusey's theorem is correct and a “fantastic” result, but that he disagrees about what conclusion should be drawn from it. He favours an interpretation in which all quantum states, including non-entangled ones, are related after all. Spekkens adds that he does expect the theorem to have broader consequences for physics, as have Bell’s and other fundamental theorems. No one foresaw in 1964 that Bell’s theorem would sow the seeds for quantum information theory and quantum cryptography — both of which rely on phenomena that aren’t possible in classical physics. Spekkens thinks this theorem may ultimately have a similar impact. “It’s very important and beautiful in its simplicity,” he says. [ Last edited by yalefield on 2012-4-2 at 02:13 ] |
2樓2012-04-02 02:08:52
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4樓2012-04-02 09:13:38
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zhangguangping
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franch: 金幣+2, 安慰一下。。呵呵 2012-04-02 09:58:49
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franch: 金幣+2, 安慰一下。。呵呵 2012-04-02 09:58:49
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終于找到支持了。我在uuv的帖子里面提到波函數(shù)是一個(gè)真實(shí)量的時(shí)候，還遭到了批評(píng)呢。呵呵呵。 尤其是我說(shuō)到“以后說(shuō)不定可以定時(shí)定點(diǎn)的攔截電子”的時(shí)候，遭到了不確定性原理堅(jiān)信者的批評(píng)。 我覺得現(xiàn)在量子力學(xué)的東西，很多都是假設(shè)，之所以假設(shè)，是因?yàn)闆]有證據(jù)，而在這個(gè)假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上，得到的很多結(jié)論都能解釋現(xiàn)有結(jié)果，并且做出了一些正確的預(yù)測(cè)。所以從這個(gè)角度講，量子力學(xué)的創(chuàng)建人們很偉大，能夠猜出一些東西來(lái)。但是隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，認(rèn)識(shí)的加深，說(shuō)不定哪天會(huì)把一些問(wèn)題的真面目搞明白。就像牛頓時(shí)代認(rèn)為牛頓第二定律是主宰物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)律一樣，小道小車，大到天體。那個(gè)時(shí)代不曾想到會(huì)有原子的結(jié)構(gòu)，會(huì)有電子的存在，在那個(gè)世界里面，牛頓第二定律描述他們的運(yùn)動(dòng)顯得“蒼白無(wú)力”(不過(guò)說(shuō)不定，電子的運(yùn)動(dòng)也是遵守牛頓第二定律的，只不過(guò)，那個(gè)時(shí)間尺度可能需要阿秒來(lái)衡量，畢竟電子也是一種物質(zhì))。等到量子力學(xué)的誕生，才解釋了一些牛頓定律沒法解決的問(wèn)題. 問(wèn)題是：量子力學(xué)是物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)描述的終點(diǎn)嗎？現(xiàn)在的量子力學(xué)觀點(diǎn)是完全對(duì)的嗎？ 答案肯定是否定的。 |
6樓2012-04-02 09:54:27
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7樓2012-04-02 10:13:04
8樓2012-04-02 10:23:11
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- 管轄: 第一性原理
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