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轉基因神話及其真相
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http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/63621565.html Authors of “GMO Myths and Truths” 《轉基因神話及其真相》的作者： Michael Antoniou, PhD, is reader in molecular genetics and head, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK. 邁克爾·安東尼奧博士是分子遺傳學研究者，英國國王學院倫敦醫(yī)學院基因表達與療法負責人。 John Fagan, PhD, is a leading authority on sustainability in the food system, biosafety, and GMO testing. He is founder and chief scientific officer of Global ID Group, a company with subsidiaries involved in GMO food testing and GMO-free certification. He is a director of Earth Open Source. Earlier, he conducted cancer research at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and in academia. He holds a PhD in biochemistry and molecular and cell biology from Cornell University. 約翰·法甘博士是食物系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)、生物安全與轉基因生物檢測方面領先有權威性的學者。他創(chuàng)立了“全球ID集團”，擔任其首席科學家，這家公司及其子公司從事轉基因生物食品檢測與“無轉基因”認證業(yè)務。他亦擔任《地球開放式資源》的主任。更早，他在美國國家健康研究院（US National Institutes of Health – NIH）與學術界從事癌癥研究。他在康奈爾大學獲得了生物化學與分子和細胞生物學博士學位。 Claire Robinson, MPhil, is research director at Earth Open Source. She has a background in investigative reporting and the communication of topics relating to public health, science and policy, and the environment. 克萊爾·羅賓森，副博士，擔任《地球開放式資源》的研究主任。她具有公共健康、科學與政策，以及環(huán)境領域調查性報告與交流方面的背景。 《歐洲、美國基因工程師的最新報告：轉基因食品為什么危險？》對作者提供更多介紹： “Why genetically engineered food is dangerous – New report by genetic engineers” provides more introductions to the authors: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0zb.html 30 News points from the report 《轉基因神話及其真相》報告的的30個新看點 1. Genetic engineering as used in crop development is not precise or predictable and has not been shown to be safe. The technique can result in the unexpected production of toxins or allergens in food that are unlikely to be spotted in current regulatory checks. 1、農作物開發(fā)中使用的轉基因工程是不精確的，或不可預料的，而且沒有表明安全。這種技術能導致食品中產生毒素或者致敏原，而且，現有監(jiān)管性檢查看來不能夠發(fā)現它們。 2. GM crops, including some that are already in our food and animal feed supply, have shown clear signs of toxicity in animal feeding trials – notably disturbances in liver and kidney function and immune responses. 2、轉基因作物，包括已經進入我們食品與飼料供應的某些種類，在動物喂食試驗中已經顯示出毒性的清楚跡象 – 而且特別干擾肝功能與腎臟功能以及免疫反應。 3. GM proponents have dismissed these statistically significant findings as “not biologically relevant/significant”, based on scientifically indefensible arguments. 3、轉基因支持者們以“非生物學相關/顯著”為理由不考慮這些統(tǒng)計顯著的發(fā)現，他們的依據是科學上站不住腳的論點。 4. Certain EU-commissioned animal feeding trials with GM foods and crops are often claimed by GM proponents to show they are safe. In fact, examination of these studies shows significant differences between the GM-fed and control animals that give cause for concern. 4、歐盟委員會委托進行的某些轉基因食品與轉基因作物轉基因喂食試驗，轉基因支持者們認為它們安全。事實上，對這些研究的審核發(fā)現轉基因喂食與對照動物之間表明有令人擔心的顯著差別。 5. GM foods have not been properly tested in humans, but the few studies that have been carried out in humans give cause for concern. 5、轉基因食品至今沒有在人類中進行恰當的試驗，但是，對人類已經進行了的數項研究提出了令人擔心的依據。 6. The US FDA does not require mandatory safety testing of GM crops, and does not even assess the safety of GM crops but only “deregulates” them, based on assurances from biotech companies that they are “substantially equivalent” to their non-GM counterparts. This is like claiming that a cow with BSE is substantially equivalent to a cow that does not have BSE and is thus safe to eat! Claims of substantial equivalence cannot be justified on scientific grounds. 6、美國食品與藥物管理署（FDA）對轉基因作物不要求進行強制性的安全試驗，甚至不評估轉基因作物的安全性，而只是對它們“解除監(jiān)管”，基于的是生物技術公司保證它們與非轉基因對應作物“實質等同”。這就像聲稱患瘋牛�。˙SE）的一頭牛與未患瘋牛病的牛也“實質等同”一樣因而可以安全食用！如此聲稱實質等同缺乏科學理由。 7. The regulatory regime for GM foods is weakest in the US, where GM foods do not even have to be assessed for safety or labelled in the marketplace, but in most regions of the world regulations are inadequate to protect people’s health from the potential adverse effects of GM foods. 7、對轉基因食品的監(jiān)管體制在美國最為薄弱。在美國，對轉基因食品的安全性甚至不進行評估，在市場中也不進行標識，但是在世界大部分地區(qū)，對轉基因食品的監(jiān)管不足以保護人民免受轉基因食品的潛在有害影響。 8. In the EU, where the regulatory system is often claimed to be strict, minimal pre-market testing is required for a GMO and the tests are commissioned by the same companies that stand to profit from the GMO if it is approved – a clear conflict of interest. 8、在人們往往稱之為監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)較嚴的歐盟，對轉基因生物要求進行最低限度的進入市場前試驗，但是這樣的試驗由一旦批準上市將從中獲利的相同公司進行 – 這里存在著明顯的利益沖突。 9. No long-term toxicological testing of GMOs on animals or testing on humans is required by any regulatory agency in the world. 9、世界各地任何監(jiān)管機構都不要求對于轉基因生物對動物進行長期毒理學試驗，也不要求對人類進行試驗。 10. Biotech companies have used patent claims and intellectual property protection laws to restrict access of independent researchers to GM crops for research purposes. As a result, limited research has been conducted on GM foods and crops by scientists who are independent of the GM industry. Scientists whose work has raised concerns about the safety of GMOs have been attacked and discredited in orchestrated campaigns by GM crop promoters. 10、生物技術公司利用專利要求與知識產權保護法律限制獨立研究者為研究目的取得轉基因作物。作為結果，獨立于轉基因產業(yè)的科學家們對轉基因食品與轉基因作物僅進行了有限的研究。從事研究工作對轉基因生物安全性提出擔心的科學家們遭到轉基因作物推動者有組織毀壞聲譽運動的攻擊。 11. Most GM crops (over 75%) are engineered to tolerate applications of herbicides. Where such GM crops have been adopted, they have led to massive increases in herbicide use. 11、大部分轉基因作物（超過75%）被轉基因容忍噴灑除草劑。凡種植這種轉基因作物的地方，都導致大量增加除草劑的使用量。 12. Roundup, the herbicide that over 50% of all GM crops are engineered to tolerate, is not safe or benign as has been claimed but has been found to cause malformations (birth defects), reproductive problems, DNA damage, and cancer in test animals. Human epidemiological studies have found an association between Roundup exposure and miscarriage, birth defects, neurological development problems, DNA damage, and certain types of cancer. 12、草甘膦除草劑農達，即全球種植的50%轉基因作物所容忍的除草劑，不像所宣傳的那樣安全或者有益，反而在試驗動物中被發(fā)現致畸形（生育缺陷）、造成生殖問題、致DNA損傷與治癌。人類流行病學研究發(fā)現草甘膦除草劑農達與流產、生育缺陷、神經發(fā)育問題、DNA損傷，以及某些種類癌癥有關聯。 13. A public health crisis has erupted in GM soy-producing regions of South America, where people exposed to spraying with Roundup and other agrochemicals sprayed on the crop report escalating rates of birth defects and cancer. 13、在南美洲轉基因大豆種植區(qū)域已經發(fā)生公共健康危機，那里的民眾暴露于噴灑到（抗除草劑轉基因）作物上的草甘膦除草劑農達與其他農業(yè)化學品而且報告生育缺陷與癌癥發(fā)生率正在增多。 14. A large number of studies indicate that Roundup is associated with increased crop diseases, especially infection with Fusarium, a fungus that causes wilt disease in soy and can have toxic effects on humans and livestock. 14、大量的研究表明草甘膦除草劑與增加發(fā)生的農作物疾病相關聯，特別是感染鐮刀霉，這是一種造成大豆落葉病的真菌，而且對人類與家畜可能造成中毒影響。 15. Bt insecticidal GM crops do not sustainably reduce pesticide use but change the way in which pesticides are used: from sprayed on, to built in. 15、轉入殺蟲Bt基因的轉基因作物并不能持續(xù)性減少農藥使用，只是改變了使用農藥的方式：原先是噴灑到農作物上，改為在農作物內部產生。 16. Bt technology is proving unsustainable as pests evolve resistance to the toxin and secondary pest infestations are becoming common. 16、隨著害蟲進化了應付Bt毒素的抗性，次要害蟲橫行越來越普遍，轉基因Bt技術已經證實不可持續(xù)性。 17. GM proponents claim that the Bt toxin engineered into GM plants is safe because the natural form of Bt, long used as a spray by conventional and organic farmers, has a history of safe use. But the GM forms of Bt toxins are different from the natural forms and could have different toxic and allergenic effects. 17、轉基因支持者宣稱轉入轉基因作物的Bt毒素是安全的，傳統(tǒng)的以及有機農民長期以來噴灑自然形式的Bt毒素，使其有安全使用的歷史。但是，轉基因形式的Bt毒素與天然形式的Bt毒素有很大差別，可造成不同的毒性與過敏性影響。 18. GM Bt toxin is not limited in its toxicity to insect pests. GM Bt crops have been found to have toxic effects on laboratory animals in feeding trials. 18、轉基因Bt毒素的毒性不限于對昆蟲害蟲。在喂食試驗中，轉基因Bt作物已經發(fā)現對實驗室動物有毒性作用。 19. GM Bt crops have been found to have toxic effects on non-target organisms in the environment. 19、轉基因Bt作物已經發(fā)現對環(huán)境中非目標生物有毒性。 20. Bt toxin is not fully broken down in digestion and has been found circulating in the blood of pregnant women in Canada and in the blood supply to their foetuses. 20、Bt毒素發(fā)現在消化過程中并未完全分解，在加拿大懷孕婦女的循環(huán)血液以及供給她們胎兒的血液中發(fā)現有Bt毒素。 21. The no-till method of farming promoted with GM herbicide-tolerant crops, which avoids ploughing and uses herbicides to control weeds, is not more climate-friendly than ploughing. No-till fields do not store more carbon in the soil than ploughed fields when deeper levels of soil are measured. 21、與抗除草劑轉基因作物一起促進的免耕法作業(yè)，不用耕耘土地并且使用除草劑治理野草，已經不再比耕耘法更為氣候友好。對更深層的土壤進行檢測證實，免耕法并不比經耕耘農田在土壤中更多儲碳。 22. No-till increases the negative environmental impacts of soy cultivation, because of the herbicides used. 22、免耕法反而增加土壤耕作的負面環(huán)境影響，因為使用除草劑。 23. Golden Rice, a beta-carotene-enriched rice, is promoted as a GM crop that could help malnourished people overcome vitamin A deficiency. But Golden Rice has not been tested for toxicological safety, has been plagued by basic development problems, and, after more than 12 years and millions of dollars of research funding, is still not ready for the market. Meanwhile, inexpensive and effective solutions to vitamin A deficiency are available but under-used due to lack of funding. 23、“金稻米”，富集beta-胡蘿卜素稻米，是一種以“可以幫助缺乏營養(yǎng)的民眾克服維生素A缺乏癥”為理由推動的轉基因作物。但是，到目前為止還沒有進行毒理學安全性試驗這種“金稻米”，受到基本型發(fā)育問題的拖累，自開放以來12年期間投入了數百萬美元，依然沒有能夠準備好進入市場。在此同時，解決維生素A缺乏癥的更無便宜與有效的方案可以應用，卻因為缺乏資金應用不足。 24. GM crops are often promoted as a “vital tool in the toolbox” to feed the world’s growing population, but many experts question the contribution they could make, as they do not offer higher yields or cope better with drought than non-GM crops. Most GM crops are engineered to tolerate herbicides or to contain a pesticide – traits that are irrelevant to feeding the hungry. 24、有人往往作為“工具箱”中解決世界人口增長“必不可少的工具”的理由推動轉基因作物，但是許多專家對轉基因作物能夠做的貢獻提出質疑，因為轉基因作物并不比非轉基因傳統(tǒng)作物提供更高的產量，也不比非轉基因傳統(tǒng)作物更能適應干旱的氣候。絕大部分轉基因作物被基因工程為容忍噴灑除草劑或者內含殺蟲劑—這些品種與解決饑餓問題毫無關系。 25. High adoption of GM crops among farmers is not a sign that the GM crop is superior to non-GM varieties, as once GM companies gain control of the seed market, they withdraw non-GM seed varieties from the market. The notion of “farmer choice” does not apply in this situation. 25、轉基因作物在農民們中的較高應用比例，并非轉基因作物優(yōu)于非轉基因傳統(tǒng)作物的信號，因為，轉基因公司一旦控制種子市場，他們將非轉基因傳統(tǒng)作物種子撤出市場�！稗r民的選擇”的傳統(tǒng)概念在這種狀況下根本不適用。 26. GM contamination of non-GM and organic crops has resulted in massive financial losses by the food and feed industry, involving product recalls, lawsuits, and lost markets. 26、對非轉基因傳統(tǒng)作物與有機作物的轉基因污染對食品行業(yè)與飼料行業(yè)造成了巨額經濟損傷，涉及產品召回、法律訴訟以及丟失市場。 27. When many people read about high-yielding, pest- and disease -resistant, drought-tolerant, and nutritionally improved super-crops, they think of GM. In fact, these are all products of conventional breeding, which continues to outstrip GM in producing such crops. The report contains a long list of these conventional crop breeding successes. 27、當許多人讀到高產量、抗害蟲以及抗疾病、抗旱、營養(yǎng)改進優(yōu)良作物的報道，他們誤認為這是轉基因作物的優(yōu)點。事實上，具有這些優(yōu)點的農作物都是傳統(tǒng)培育的農作物，在培育這樣的作物方面繼續(xù)遠遠領先于轉基因作物。《轉基因神話及其真相》報告列出傳統(tǒng)農作物培育這方面一系列成就。 28. Certain “supercrops” have been claimed to be GM successes when in fact they are products of conventional breeding, in some cases assisted by the non-GM biotechnology of marker assisted selection. 28、某些“超級作物”宣稱轉基因的成功，但事實上它們是傳統(tǒng)育種的產品，而且某些情況下獲得非轉基因生物技術標記物輔助選擇的幫助。 29. Conventional plant breeding, with the help of non-GM biotechnologies such as marker assisted selection, is a safer and more powerful method than GM to produce new crop varieties required to meet current and future needs of food production, especially in the face of rapid climate change. 29、傳統(tǒng)作物育種，獲得例如標記物輔助選擇的非轉基因生物技術的幫助，是培育滿足食品生產新品種更為安全與更為有有效的方法，面臨快速氣候變化情況下尤其如此。 30. Conventionally bred, locally adapted crops, used in combination with agroecological farming practices, offer a proven, sustainable approach to ensuring global food security. 30、傳統(tǒng)方式培育、適應于當地情況的作物，同時采用農業(yè)生態(tài)作業(yè)方式，對于保障全球食物安全提供經過證實了的可持續(xù)途徑。 [ Last edited by s7142940 on 2013-11-27 at 09:52 ] |
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yiqinchen
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| I'd like to know how many of the people commenting actually read the whole 122 page report. And since this just a compilation of journals that support your claims, how easy would it be for someone to compile the complete opposite, a collection of journal articles that oppose your claims? The problem here is most people that read this site aren't going to have access to the original journals so they can't actually read the research themselves. |
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