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轉(zhuǎn)基因神話及其真相
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http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/63621565.html Authors of “GMO Myths and Truths” 《轉(zhuǎn)基因神話及其真相》的作者： Michael Antoniou, PhD, is reader in molecular genetics and head, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK. 邁克爾·安東尼奧博士是分子遺傳學(xué)研究者，英國國王學(xué)院倫敦醫(yī)學(xué)院基因表達(dá)與療法負(fù)責(zé)人。 John Fagan, PhD, is a leading authority on sustainability in the food system, biosafety, and GMO testing. He is founder and chief scientific officer of Global ID Group, a company with subsidiaries involved in GMO food testing and GMO-free certification. He is a director of Earth Open Source. Earlier, he conducted cancer research at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and in academia. He holds a PhD in biochemistry and molecular and cell biology from Cornell University. 約翰·法甘博士是食物系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)、生物安全與轉(zhuǎn)基因生物檢測方面領(lǐng)先有權(quán)威性的學(xué)者。他創(chuàng)立了“全球ID集團(tuán)”，擔(dān)任其首席科學(xué)家，這家公司及其子公司從事轉(zhuǎn)基因生物食品檢測與“無轉(zhuǎn)基因”認(rèn)證業(yè)務(wù)。他亦擔(dān)任《地球開放式資源》的主任。更早，他在美國國家健康研究院（US National Institutes of Health – NIH）與學(xué)術(shù)界從事癌癥研究。他在康奈爾大學(xué)獲得了生物化學(xué)與分子和細(xì)胞生物學(xué)博士學(xué)位。 Claire Robinson, MPhil, is research director at Earth Open Source. She has a background in investigative reporting and the communication of topics relating to public health, science and policy, and the environment. 克萊爾·羅賓森，副博士，擔(dān)任《地球開放式資源》的研究主任。她具有公共健康、科學(xué)與政策，以及環(huán)境領(lǐng)域調(diào)查性報告與交流方面的背景。 《歐洲、美國基因工程師的最新報告：轉(zhuǎn)基因食品為什么危險？》對作者提供更多介紹： “Why genetically engineered food is dangerous – New report by genetic engineers” provides more introductions to the authors: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0zb.html 30 News points from the report 《轉(zhuǎn)基因神話及其真相》報告的的30個新看點 1. Genetic engineering as used in crop development is not precise or predictable and has not been shown to be safe. The technique can result in the unexpected production of toxins or allergens in food that are unlikely to be spotted in current regulatory checks. 1、農(nóng)作物開發(fā)中使用的轉(zhuǎn)基因工程是不精確的，或不可預(yù)料的，而且沒有表明安全。這種技術(shù)能導(dǎo)致食品中產(chǎn)生毒素或者致敏原，而且，現(xiàn)有監(jiān)管性檢查看來不能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)它們。 2. GM crops, including some that are already in our food and animal feed supply, have shown clear signs of toxicity in animal feeding trials – notably disturbances in liver and kidney function and immune responses. 2、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物，包括已經(jīng)進(jìn)入我們食品與飼料供應(yīng)的某些種類，在動物喂食試驗中已經(jīng)顯示出毒性的清楚跡象 – 而且特別干擾肝功能與腎臟功能以及免疫反應(yīng)。 3. GM proponents have dismissed these statistically significant findings as “not biologically relevant/significant”, based on scientifically indefensible arguments. 3、轉(zhuǎn)基因支持者們以“非生物學(xué)相關(guān)/顯著”為理由不考慮這些統(tǒng)計顯著的發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們的依據(jù)是科學(xué)上站不住腳的論點。 4. Certain EU-commissioned animal feeding trials with GM foods and crops are often claimed by GM proponents to show they are safe. In fact, examination of these studies shows significant differences between the GM-fed and control animals that give cause for concern. 4、歐盟委員會委托進(jìn)行的某些轉(zhuǎn)基因食品與轉(zhuǎn)基因作物轉(zhuǎn)基因喂食試驗，轉(zhuǎn)基因支持者們認(rèn)為它們安全。事實上，對這些研究的審核發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因喂食與對照動物之間表明有令人擔(dān)心的顯著差別。 5. GM foods have not been properly tested in humans, but the few studies that have been carried out in humans give cause for concern. 5、轉(zhuǎn)基因食品至今沒有在人類中進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)脑囼�，但是，對人類已�?jīng)進(jìn)行了的數(shù)項研究提出了令人擔(dān)心的依據(jù)。 6. The US FDA does not require mandatory safety testing of GM crops, and does not even assess the safety of GM crops but only “deregulates” them, based on assurances from biotech companies that they are “substantially equivalent” to their non-GM counterparts. This is like claiming that a cow with BSE is substantially equivalent to a cow that does not have BSE and is thus safe to eat! Claims of substantial equivalence cannot be justified on scientific grounds. 6、美國食品與藥物管理署（FDA）對轉(zhuǎn)基因作物不要求進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制性的安全試驗，甚至不評估轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的安全性，而只是對它們“解除監(jiān)管”，基于的是生物技術(shù)公司保證它們與非轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)?yīng)作物“實質(zhì)等同”。這就像聲稱患瘋牛病（BSE）的一頭牛與未患瘋牛病的牛也“實質(zhì)等同”一樣因而可以安全食用！如此聲稱實質(zhì)等同缺乏科學(xué)理由。 7. The regulatory regime for GM foods is weakest in the US, where GM foods do not even have to be assessed for safety or labelled in the marketplace, but in most regions of the world regulations are inadequate to protect people’s health from the potential adverse effects of GM foods. 7、對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的監(jiān)管體制在美國最為薄弱。在美國，對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的安全性甚至不進(jìn)行評估，在市場中也不進(jìn)行標(biāo)識，但是在世界大部分地區(qū)，對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的監(jiān)管不足以保護(hù)人民免受轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的潛在有害影響。 8. In the EU, where the regulatory system is often claimed to be strict, minimal pre-market testing is required for a GMO and the tests are commissioned by the same companies that stand to profit from the GMO if it is approved – a clear conflict of interest. 8、在人們往往稱之為監(jiān)管系統(tǒng)較嚴(yán)的歐盟，對轉(zhuǎn)基因生物要求進(jìn)行最低限度的進(jìn)入市場前試驗，但是這樣的試驗由一旦批準(zhǔn)上市將從中獲利的相同公司進(jìn)行 – 這里存在著明顯的利益沖突。 9. No long-term toxicological testing of GMOs on animals or testing on humans is required by any regulatory agency in the world. 9、世界各地任何監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)都不要求對于轉(zhuǎn)基因生物對動物進(jìn)行長期毒理學(xué)試驗，也不要求對人類進(jìn)行試驗。 10. Biotech companies have used patent claims and intellectual property protection laws to restrict access of independent researchers to GM crops for research purposes. As a result, limited research has been conducted on GM foods and crops by scientists who are independent of the GM industry. Scientists whose work has raised concerns about the safety of GMOs have been attacked and discredited in orchestrated campaigns by GM crop promoters. 10、生物技術(shù)公司利用專利要求與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)法律限制獨立研究者為研究目的取得轉(zhuǎn)基因作物。作為結(jié)果，獨立于轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)業(yè)的科學(xué)家們對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品與轉(zhuǎn)基因作物僅進(jìn)行了有限的研究。從事研究工作對轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全性提出擔(dān)心的科學(xué)家們遭到轉(zhuǎn)基因作物推動者有組織毀壞聲譽運動的攻擊。 11. Most GM crops (over 75%) are engineered to tolerate applications of herbicides. Where such GM crops have been adopted, they have led to massive increases in herbicide use. 11、大部分轉(zhuǎn)基因作物（超過75%）被轉(zhuǎn)基因容忍噴灑除草劑。凡種植這種轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的地方，都導(dǎo)致大量增加除草劑的使用量。 12. Roundup, the herbicide that over 50% of all GM crops are engineered to tolerate, is not safe or benign as has been claimed but has been found to cause malformations (birth defects), reproductive problems, DNA damage, and cancer in test animals. Human epidemiological studies have found an association between Roundup exposure and miscarriage, birth defects, neurological development problems, DNA damage, and certain types of cancer. 12、草甘膦除草劑農(nóng)達(dá)，即全球種植的50%轉(zhuǎn)基因作物所容忍的除草劑，不像所宣傳的那樣安全或者有益，反而在試驗動物中被發(fā)現(xiàn)致畸形（生育缺陷）、造成生殖問題、致DNA損傷與治癌。人類流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)草甘膦除草劑農(nóng)達(dá)與流產(chǎn)、生育缺陷、神經(jīng)發(fā)育問題、DNA損傷，以及某些種類癌癥有關(guān)聯(lián)。 13. A public health crisis has erupted in GM soy-producing regions of South America, where people exposed to spraying with Roundup and other agrochemicals sprayed on the crop report escalating rates of birth defects and cancer. 13、在南美洲轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆種植區(qū)域已經(jīng)發(fā)生公共健康危機(jī)，那里的民眾暴露于噴灑到（抗除草劑轉(zhuǎn)基因）作物上的草甘膦除草劑農(nóng)達(dá)與其他農(nóng)業(yè)化學(xué)品而且報告生育缺陷與癌癥發(fā)生率正在增多。 14. A large number of studies indicate that Roundup is associated with increased crop diseases, especially infection with Fusarium, a fungus that causes wilt disease in soy and can have toxic effects on humans and livestock. 14、大量的研究表明草甘膦除草劑與增加發(fā)生的農(nóng)作物疾病相關(guān)聯(lián)，特別是感染鐮刀霉，這是一種造成大豆落葉病的真菌，而且對人類與家畜可能造成中毒影響。 15. Bt insecticidal GM crops do not sustainably reduce pesticide use but change the way in which pesticides are used: from sprayed on, to built in. 15、轉(zhuǎn)入殺蟲Bt基因的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物并不能持續(xù)性減少農(nóng)藥使用，只是改變了使用農(nóng)藥的方式：原先是噴灑到農(nóng)作物上，改為在農(nóng)作物內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生。 16. Bt technology is proving unsustainable as pests evolve resistance to the toxin and secondary pest infestations are becoming common. 16、隨著害蟲進(jìn)化了應(yīng)付Bt毒素的抗性，次要害蟲橫行越來越普遍，轉(zhuǎn)基因Bt技術(shù)已經(jīng)證實不可持續(xù)性。 17. GM proponents claim that the Bt toxin engineered into GM plants is safe because the natural form of Bt, long used as a spray by conventional and organic farmers, has a history of safe use. But the GM forms of Bt toxins are different from the natural forms and could have different toxic and allergenic effects. 17、轉(zhuǎn)基因支持者宣稱轉(zhuǎn)入轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的Bt毒素是安全的，傳統(tǒng)的以及有機(jī)農(nóng)民長期以來噴灑自然形式的Bt毒素，使其有安全使用的歷史。但是，轉(zhuǎn)基因形式的Bt毒素與天然形式的Bt毒素有很大差別，可造成不同的毒性與過敏性影響。 18. GM Bt toxin is not limited in its toxicity to insect pests. GM Bt crops have been found to have toxic effects on laboratory animals in feeding trials. 18、轉(zhuǎn)基因Bt毒素的毒性不限于對昆蟲害蟲。在喂食試驗中，轉(zhuǎn)基因Bt作物已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)對實驗室動物有毒性作用。 19. GM Bt crops have been found to have toxic effects on non-target organisms in the environment. 19、轉(zhuǎn)基因Bt作物已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)對環(huán)境中非目標(biāo)生物有毒性。 20. Bt toxin is not fully broken down in digestion and has been found circulating in the blood of pregnant women in Canada and in the blood supply to their foetuses. 20、Bt毒素發(fā)現(xiàn)在消化過程中并未完全分解，在加拿大懷孕婦女的循環(huán)血液以及供給她們胎兒的血液中發(fā)現(xiàn)有Bt毒素。 21. The no-till method of farming promoted with GM herbicide-tolerant crops, which avoids ploughing and uses herbicides to control weeds, is not more climate-friendly than ploughing. No-till fields do not store more carbon in the soil than ploughed fields when deeper levels of soil are measured. 21、與抗除草劑轉(zhuǎn)基因作物一起促進(jìn)的免耕法作業(yè)，不用耕耘土地并且使用除草劑治理野草，已經(jīng)不再比耕耘法更為氣候友好。對更深層的土壤進(jìn)行檢測證實，免耕法并不比經(jīng)耕耘農(nóng)田在土壤中更多儲碳。 22. No-till increases the negative environmental impacts of soy cultivation, because of the herbicides used. 22、免耕法反而增加土壤耕作的負(fù)面環(huán)境影響，因為使用除草劑。 23. Golden Rice, a beta-carotene-enriched rice, is promoted as a GM crop that could help malnourished people overcome vitamin A deficiency. But Golden Rice has not been tested for toxicological safety, has been plagued by basic development problems, and, after more than 12 years and millions of dollars of research funding, is still not ready for the market. Meanwhile, inexpensive and effective solutions to vitamin A deficiency are available but under-used due to lack of funding. 23、“金稻米”，富集beta-胡蘿卜素稻米，是一種以“可以幫助缺乏營養(yǎng)的民眾克服維生素A缺乏癥”為理由推動的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物。但是，到目前為止還沒有進(jìn)行毒理學(xué)安全性試驗這種“金稻米”，受到基本型發(fā)育問題的拖累，自開放以來12年期間投入了數(shù)百萬美元，依然沒有能夠準(zhǔn)備好進(jìn)入市場。在此同時，解決維生素A缺乏癥的更無便宜與有效的方案可以應(yīng)用，卻因為缺乏資金應(yīng)用不足。 24. GM crops are often promoted as a “vital tool in the toolbox” to feed the world’s growing population, but many experts question the contribution they could make, as they do not offer higher yields or cope better with drought than non-GM crops. Most GM crops are engineered to tolerate herbicides or to contain a pesticide – traits that are irrelevant to feeding the hungry. 24、有人往往作為“工具箱”中解決世界人口增長“必不可少的工具”的理由推動轉(zhuǎn)基因作物，但是許多專家對轉(zhuǎn)基因作物能夠做的貢獻(xiàn)提出質(zhì)疑，因為轉(zhuǎn)基因作物并不比非轉(zhuǎn)基因傳統(tǒng)作物提供更高的產(chǎn)量，也不比非轉(zhuǎn)基因傳統(tǒng)作物更能適應(yīng)干旱的氣候。絕大部分轉(zhuǎn)基因作物被基因工程為容忍噴灑除草劑或者內(nèi)含殺蟲劑—這些品種與解決饑餓問題毫無關(guān)系。 25. High adoption of GM crops among farmers is not a sign that the GM crop is superior to non-GM varieties, as once GM companies gain control of the seed market, they withdraw non-GM seed varieties from the market. The notion of “farmer choice” does not apply in this situation. 25、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物在農(nóng)民們中的較高應(yīng)用比例，并非轉(zhuǎn)基因作物優(yōu)于非轉(zhuǎn)基因傳統(tǒng)作物的信號，因為，轉(zhuǎn)基因公司一旦控制種子市場，他們將非轉(zhuǎn)基因傳統(tǒng)作物種子撤出市場�！稗r(nóng)民的選擇”的傳統(tǒng)概念在這種狀況下根本不適用。 26. GM contamination of non-GM and organic crops has resulted in massive financial losses by the food and feed industry, involving product recalls, lawsuits, and lost markets. 26、對非轉(zhuǎn)基因傳統(tǒng)作物與有機(jī)作物的轉(zhuǎn)基因污染對食品行業(yè)與飼料行業(yè)造成了巨額經(jīng)濟(jì)損傷，涉及產(chǎn)品召回、法律訴訟以及丟失市場。 27. When many people read about high-yielding, pest- and disease -resistant, drought-tolerant, and nutritionally improved super-crops, they think of GM. In fact, these are all products of conventional breeding, which continues to outstrip GM in producing such crops. The report contains a long list of these conventional crop breeding successes. 27、當(dāng)許多人讀到高產(chǎn)量、抗害蟲以及抗疾病、抗旱、營養(yǎng)改進(jìn)優(yōu)良作物的報道，他們誤認(rèn)為這是轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的優(yōu)點。事實上，具有這些優(yōu)點的農(nóng)作物都是傳統(tǒng)培育的農(nóng)作物，在培育這樣的作物方面繼續(xù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先于轉(zhuǎn)基因作物。《轉(zhuǎn)基因神話及其真相》報告列出傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)作物培育這方面一系列成就。 28. Certain “supercrops” have been claimed to be GM successes when in fact they are products of conventional breeding, in some cases assisted by the non-GM biotechnology of marker assisted selection. 28、某些“超級作物”宣稱轉(zhuǎn)基因的成功，但事實上它們是傳統(tǒng)育種的產(chǎn)品，而且某些情況下獲得非轉(zhuǎn)基因生物技術(shù)標(biāo)記物輔助選擇的幫助。 29. Conventional plant breeding, with the help of non-GM biotechnologies such as marker assisted selection, is a safer and more powerful method than GM to produce new crop varieties required to meet current and future needs of food production, especially in the face of rapid climate change. 29、傳統(tǒng)作物育種，獲得例如標(biāo)記物輔助選擇的非轉(zhuǎn)基因生物技術(shù)的幫助，是培育滿足食品生產(chǎn)新品種更為安全與更為有有效的方法，面臨快速氣候變化情況下尤其如此。 30. Conventionally bred, locally adapted crops, used in combination with agroecological farming practices, offer a proven, sustainable approach to ensuring global food security. 30、傳統(tǒng)方式培育、適應(yīng)于當(dāng)?shù)厍闆r的作物，同時采用農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)作業(yè)方式，對于保障全球食物安全提供經(jīng)過證實了的可持續(xù)途徑。 [ Last edited by s7142940 on 2013-11-27 at 09:52 ] |
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3樓2013-12-02 19:02:54
yiqinchen
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| I'd like to know how many of the people commenting actually read the whole 122 page report. And since this just a compilation of journals that support your claims, how easy would it be for someone to compile the complete opposite, a collection of journal articles that oppose your claims? The problem here is most people that read this site aren't going to have access to the original journals so they can't actually read the research themselves. |
2樓2013-11-27 10:07:12
xcchen
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4樓2013-12-03 11:13:52
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