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鯊魚(yú)999木蟲(chóng) (小有名氣)
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1 The microbiota, and the genes that comprise its microbiome, play key roles in human health. Host-microbe interactions affect immunity, metabolism, development, and behavior, and dysbiosis of gut bacteria contributes to disease. Despite advances in correlating changes in the microbiota with various conditions, specific mechanisms of host-microbiota signaling remain largely elusive. We discuss the synthesis of microbial metabolites , their absorption, and potential physiological effects on the host. We propose that the effects of specialized metabolites may explain present knowledge gaps in linking the gut microbiota to biological host mechanisms during initial colonization, and in health and disease. 2 In the human body, microbial cells outnumber eukaryotic cells by as many as ten to one (Savage, 1977) and contribute two orders of magnitude more genes to the hologenome (Gill et al., 2006; Turnbaugh et al., 2007). Their significance to host health and disease is thus unsurprising, although it was long overlooked. The bacterial metagenome contributes to production of primary metabolites and conversion of small molecules into secondary metabolites, also called "specialized metabolites." Products of bacterial metabolism are believed to modulate human health in many ways (Hooper et al., 2012, Blumberg and Powrie, 2012).Crosstalk between microbial and human metabolites influences processes such as nutrient and xenobiotic metabolism (Mauriceet al., 2013), protection against pathogens (Clarke et al., 2010),regulation of the enteric nervous system (Soret et al., 2010), immune regulation (Brestoff and Artis, 2013), resistance against colorectal cancer (Hague et al., 1995; Hinnebusch et al., 2002;Lan et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2011; Nicholson et al., 2012), andcomplex neurological behavior (Hsiao et ai., 2013) and alsoaffect lipid and cholesterol levels in serum (Berggren et al.,1996; Delzenne and Williams, 2002). Metabolic pathways operating in the human body are thus the result of the combined activities of the human genome and microbiome. 3 Diet is important to the microbiota and metabolome, as food is a major source of precursors for metabolite production. Humanized mice fed a polysaccharide-deficient diet differed in both the microbiome and metaboiome from humanized mice on regular chow (Marcobal et al., 2013). Conventionally raised mice fed the same diet were also significantly different from conventional mice fed regular chow or the humanized mice (Marcobal et al.,2013). In humans, both long-term dietary patterns (Ridauraet al., 2013; Wu et al., 2011) and rapid, extreme dietary changes(Levy and Borenstein, 2014) are reflected in the microbial communities and metagenome. In particular, amino acid intake correlates with changes to microbial communities. For example,increased amino acid intake increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and changed the metabolome (Ridaura et al.,2013; Wu et al., 2011). Individuals who ate a primarily animal-based diet with little to no fiber for two days showed decreased levels of acetate and butyrate in the gut compared to those who consumed a plant-based diet over the same period (Levy andBorenstein, 2014). |
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sqlg888
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【答案】應(yīng)助回帖
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鯊魚(yú)999: 金幣+20, ★★★★★最佳答案, 牛 2016-03-19 23:07:15
鯊魚(yú)999: 金幣+20, ★★★★★最佳答案, 牛 2016-03-19 23:07:15
2.在人體內(nèi)，微生物細(xì)胞數(shù)量超過(guò)真核細(xì)胞多達(dá)十倍(Savage, 1977)，它為人類(lèi)全基因組提供兩個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)的多種基因(Gill et al., 2006; Turnbaugh et al., 2007)。因此并不奇怪，它們?cè)谥鲗?dǎo)人類(lèi)健康與疾病方面有重要意義，然而它們卻被長(zhǎng)期忽略。細(xì)菌的宏基因組有助于產(chǎn)生初級(jí)代謝物和小分子進(jìn)入次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物的轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程，也被稱(chēng)為“特殊代謝物”。細(xì)菌代謝產(chǎn)物被認(rèn)為在許多方面調(diào)節(jié)人體健康(Hooper et al., 2012, Blumberg and Powrie, 2012)。微生物和人體的代謝物過(guò)程交聯(lián)影響（像說(shuō)相聲的兩個(gè)人 ），例如營(yíng)養(yǎng)物和外源性代謝(Mauriceet al., 2013)、防止病原體感染(Clarke et al., 2010)、調(diào)節(jié)腸道神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(Soret et al., 2010)、免疫調(diào)節(jié)(Brestoff and Artis, 2013)、抗阻結(jié)腸直腸癌(Hague et al., 1995; Hinnebusch et al., 2002;Lan et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2011; Nicholson et al., 2012)以及調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)紊亂(Hsiao et ai., 2013)、同時(shí)也影響血脂和膽固醇之間平衡(Berggren et al.,1996; Delzenne and Williams, 2002)。人體內(nèi)代謝途徑運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)是人類(lèi)基因組和微生物的綜合行動(dòng)的結(jié)果。 |
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4樓2016-03-18 13:33:36
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